Methods for the prevention or treatment of scoliosis

ABSTRACT

A method for the prevention or treatment of scoliosis in a human subject comprising: (a)(i) measuring osteopontin (OPN) protein expression in a biological fluid sample from the subject over time; or (ii) measuring osteopontin (OPN) protein expression in a biological fluid sample from the subject and comparing the OPN protein expression to an OPN protein expression in a control biological fluid sample; (b) identifying the subject as being at risk of developing scoliosis when OPN protein expression increases in the subject sample over time; or when OPN protein expression is higher in the subject sample than that in the control sample; and (c) reducing OPN protein levels in the subject identified as being at risk of developing a scoliosis, thereby aiding in the prevention or treatment of scoliosis.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/775,069, filed Feb. 22, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/594,181, filed Sep. 30, 2009, now abandoned, which is a National Entry Application of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/CA2008/000595, filed Mar. 31, 2008 and published in English under PCT Article 21(2), which itself claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/909,408, filed Mar. 30, 2007 and on U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/025,571, filed Feb. 1, 2008. All documents above are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

N/A.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of determining the risk of developing scoliosis, methods of stratifying a subject having a scoliosis, methods for assessing the efficacy of a brace on a subject having a scoliosis, and kits therefor.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanying sequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations for nucleotide bases, and three letter code for amino acids, as defined in 37 C.F.R. 1.822. Only one strand of each nucleic acid sequence is shown, but the complementary strand is understood as included by any reference to the displayed strand. The Sequence Listing is submitted as an ASCII text file created Jul. 13, 2015, 78.3 KB, which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Spinal deformities and scoliosis in particular, represent the most prevalent type of orthopedic deformities in children and adolescents, while adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) represents the most common form of scoliosis.

The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains poorly understood resulting in the traditional paradigm that AIS is a multi-factorial disease with a genetic predisposition.⁽¹⁻⁷⁾ The occurrence of a melatonin signaling dysfunction in cells derived from biopsies obtained intraoperatively from affected AIS patients has been reported.⁸

Unfortunately, there is no proven method or test available to identify children or adolescents at risk of developing AIS or to identify, which of the affected individuals may require treatment due to the risk of progression. Consequently, the application of current treatments, such as bracing or surgical correction, is delayed until a significant deformity is detected or until a significant progression is clearly demonstrated, resulting in a delayed and less optimal treatment.²⁹

The present description refers to a number of documents, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for determining the risk for developing a scoliosis comprising monitoring osteopontin (OPN) expression in a sample from a subject over time; wherein an OPN expression that increases in the subject sample over time is indicative that the subject is at risk for developing a scoliosis.

In a specific embodiment, the monitoring begins when the subject is about three years old. In another specific embodiment, the monitoring is performed by measuring OPN expression at a frequency of at least about once per month. In another specific embodiment, the monitoring is performed by measuring OPN expression at a frequency of at least about once per six month. In another specific embodiment, the method further comprises measuring sCD44 expression in a sample from the subject. In another specific embodiment, the monitoring OPN expression is performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA).

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for determining the risk for developing a scoliosis comprising measuring osteopontin (OPN) expression in a sample from a subject; wherein an OPN expression that is higher in the subject sample than that in a control sample is indicative that the subject is at risk for developing a scoliosis.

In another specific embodiment, the subject is a likely candidate for developing a scoliosis. In another specific embodiment, the subject is a likely candidate for developing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In another specific embodiment, the subject is pre-diagnosed as having a scoliosis.

In another specific embodiment, the subject is pre-diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of stratifying a subject having a scoliosis comprising measuring osteopontin (OPN) expression in a sample from the subject; whereby the measuring step enables the stratification of the subject into a scoliosis subgroup.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for assessing the efficacy of a brace on a subject having a scoliosis comprising measuring osteopontin (OPN) expression in a sample from the subject prior to and at least once after bracing the subject, wherein an increase in the OPN expression after as compared to prior to bracing the subject is indicative that the brace is ineffective.

In a specific embodiment, the determining the OPN expression after the bracing is performed at least one month after the bracing. In another specific embodiment, the determining the OPN expression after bracing the subject is performed at least 2 months hours after the bracing. In another specific embodiment, the determining the OPN expression after bracing the subject is performed at least three months after the bracing. In another specific embodiment, the determining the OPN expression after bracing the subject is performed at least six months after the bracing.

In another specific embodiment, the method further comprises measuring soluble CD44 receptor (sCD44) expression in the sample from the subject.

In another specific embodiment, the sample from the subject is a biological fluid from the subject. In another specific embodiment, the biological fluid is selected from the group consisting of blood, urine, tear and saliva. In another specific embodiment, the biological fluid is plasma.

In another specific embodiment, the OPN expression is OPN protein. In another specific embodiment, the determining of the OPN expression is performed with an antibody that specifically binds to OPN. In another specific embodiment, the measuring OPN expression is performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In another specific embodiment, the sample is a plasma sample and an OPN expression that is higher than 700 nanograms per milliliter of plasma is indicative that the subject is at risk for developing a scoliosis. In another specific embodiment, the sample is a plasma sample and an OPN expression that is higher than 800 nanograms per milliliter of plasma is indicative that the subject is at risk for developing a scoliosis.

In another specific embodiment, the OPN expression is OPN RNA. In another specific embodiment, the sample from the subject is a paraspinal muscle biopsy and the OPN expression is OPN RNA.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of selecting an agent as a potential candidate for the reduction or prevention of scoliosis comprising contacting a candidate agent with a cell expressing osteopontin (OPN), and detecting the expression of OPN, wherein when the expression of OPN is lower in the presence of the candidate agent as compared to in the absence thereof, the candidate agent is selected.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of selecting an agent as a potential candidate for the reduction or prevention of scoliosis comprising contacting a candidate agent with a cell expressing sCD44, and detecting the expression of sCD44, wherein when the expression of OPN is higher in the presence of the candidate agent as compared to in the absence thereof, the candidate agent is selected.

In another specific embodiment, the cell is a cell derived from a scoliotic patient.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of selecting an agent as a potential candidate for the prevention or reduction of scoliosis comprising administering a candidate agent to a scoliosis model animal before scoliosis has developed in the animal, whereby the candidate is selected when the scoliosis is prevented or reduced in the model animal as compared to in a control animal who was not administered the candidate agent.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preventing or reducing scoliosis comprising administering to a subject having scoliosis a therapeutically effective amount of an osteopontin inhibitor (OPN) or a selenium rich diet, whereby scoliosis is thereby prevented or treated.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preventing or reducing scoliosis comprising administering to a subject having scoliosis a therapeutically effective amount of a CD44 inhibitor, whereby scoliosis is thereby prevented or treated.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preventing or reducing scoliosis comprising administering to a subject having scoliosis a therapeutically effective amount of a sCD44 stimulator, whereby scoliosis is thereby prevented or treated.

In a specific embodiment of the methods of the present invention, the subject is human. In another specific embodiment of the methods of the present invention, the subject is human female. In another specific embodiment of the methods of the present invention, the subject is human male.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an osteopontin inhibitor for use in the treatment or prevention of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a CD44 inhibitor for use in the treatment or prevention of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a sCD44 stimulator for use in the treatment or prevention of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of an osteopontin inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or the treatment of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of an osteopontin inhibitor for the prevention or the treatment of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a CD44 inhibitor in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or the treatment of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a CD44 inhibitor for the prevention or the treatment of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a sCD44 stimulator in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or the treatment of scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a sCD44 stimulator for the prevention or the treatment of scoliosis.

In a specific embodiment of the uses of the present invention, the scoliosis is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit for predicting the risk of developing a scoliosis comprising a ligand specific to osteopontin (OPN) and instructions to use the kit for predicting the risk of developing a scoliosis. In a specific embodiment, the kit further comprises a ligand specific to soluble CD44 (sCD44).

Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of specific embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the appended drawings:

FIG. 1 presents OPN detection in pinealectomized chicken and corresponding scoliosis. Upper and lower panels illustrates the up regulation of OPN expression detected in paraspinal muscles of pinealectomized chicken developing a scoliosis (S) vs. those remaining unaffected (NS) at the mRNA and protein levels respectively;

FIG. 2 graphically presents in the left panel the dynamic variation of circulating OPN levels in scoliotic bipedal C57Bl/6j mice after surgery, and in the right panel presents typical x-rays of scoliotic deformities observed in bipedal C57Bl/6j mice, where females (708) are more severely affected than males (907);

FIG. 3 shows a variation in plasma melatonin concentrations in different mouse strains. S=scoliotic; NS=non-scoliotic;

FIG. 4 shows the effect of the pharmacological inhibition of OPN transcription on scoliotic pinealectomized chicken;

FIGS. 5A-5D graphically present the sensitivity and specificity of plasma osteopontin in healthy control subjects, AIS patients and at risk asymptomatic subjects. In FIG. 5A, an analysis that included 33 healthy control subjects and 32 AIS patients with severe Cobb's Angle)(≧45°) revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 with a standard error of 0.03 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.88 to 1.000). In FIG. 5B, the use of a cut-off value of 700 nanograms per ml of osteopontin showed a high sensitivity (90.6%) and a very good specificity (81.8%) for the early detection of AIS and for detecting the risk of scoliosis progression. In FIG. 5C, the use of a cut-off value of 800 nanograms/ml of osteopontin also showed a high sensitivity (84.9%) and a higher specificity (90.9%) for the early detection of AIS and for detecting the risk of scoliosis progression. In FIG. 5D, a clear correlation between the levels of plasma osteopontin and the Cobb's angle is demonstrated using all AIS patients, yielding a p-value <0.001 and r²=0.26;

FIG. 6 presents graphs showing the distribution of age in the different groups for male and female combined (control, at risk, AIS<45 and AIS≧45) (top), and separated by sex female (middle) and male (bottom);

FIG. 7 shows profiles of change in OPN levels, sCD44 levels, and Cobb's angle over follow up time in 4 selected AIS female patients (not under brace treatment) aged 12 (red), 14 (green and blue), and 17 (yellow) at baseline visit;

FIG. 8 shows the distribution of total change in OPN (left panel) and sCD44 (left panel) levels over follow-up time in AIS patients with worsened curve deformity (total increase in Cobb's angle greater than 3°; n=14) and in those without significant change in curve (no change in Cobb's angle, decrease, or increase smaller than 3°; n=36);

FIGS. 9A-9C present graphs showing OPN progression correlated with Cobb's angle progression in AIS patients;

FIGS. 10A-10H present graphs showing OPN regression or stabilization correlated with Cobb's angle regression or stabilization in AIS patients;

FIG. 11 shows profiles of change in OPN and sCD44 levels over follow up time in 4 selected at risk subjects without scoliosis: one male aged 13 (green), and 3 female aged 5 (gold), 11 (blue), and 9 (red) at baseline visit;

FIG. 12 compares OPN, sCD44 and HA levels in non AIS scoliotic patients (NAIS) (OPN (n=28), sCD44 (n=18), HA (n=24)), healthy controls (n=35) and AIS patients (n=252);

FIG. 13 presents a histogram comparison of circulating levels of OPN change in function of spine biomechanics in pre-operated AIS patients (n=79) vs. post-operated AIS patients (n=28);

FIG. 14 presents a histogram comparison of circulating levels of OPN and sCD44 of in pre-operated AIS female (OPN (n=10); sCD44 (n=15)) vs. post-operated AIS female (OPN (n=10); sCD44 (n=12));

FIGS. 15A and 15B present charts distributing AIS patients across the predefined cut-off zones pre-operation (FIG. 15A) and post-operation (FIG. 15B);

FIGS. 16A and 16B present charts distributing AIS patients across the predefined cut-off zones prior to being treated with bracing (FIG. 16A) and after bracing (FIG. 16B);

FIG. 17 illustrates a hypothetic molecular concept underlying spinal deformity progression in AIS;

FIG. 18 presents a graph that correlates selenium levels in AIS patients with OPN levels;

FIG. 19 presents a histogram comparing selenium levels in three categories of subjects: controls, low OPN producers and high OPN producers;

FIGS. 20A-20D present the nucleotide sequences of the three human OPN isoforms (transcript variant 1, mRNA NM_(—)001040058 (SEQ ID NO: 1); transcript variant 2, mRNA NM_(—)000582 (SEQ ID NO: 2); transcript variant 3, mRNA NM_(—)001040060 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and the amino acid sequences of the three human OPN isoforms (isoform a NP_(—)001035147 (SEQ ID NO: 4); isoform b NP_(—)000573 (SEQ ID NO: 5); and isoform c NP_(—)001035149 (SEQ ID NO: 6));

FIGS. 21A-21S present the nucleotide sequences (mRNA) of six isoforms of human CD44 (NM_(—)000610 transcript variant 1 (SEQ ID NO: 7); NM_(—)001001389 transcript variant 2 (SEQ ID NO: 8); NM_(—)001001390 transcript variant 3 (SEQ ID NO: 9); NM_(—)001001391 transcript variant 4 (SEQ ID NO: 10); NM_(—)001001392 transcript variant 5 (SEQ ID NO: 11); X62739 Isoform identified in tumour cells (SEQ ID NO: 12)) and amino acid sequences of six isoforms of human sCD44 (NP_(—)000601 isoform 1 precursor (SEQ ID NO: 13); NP_(—)001001389 isoform 2 precursor (SEQ ID NO: 14); NP_(—)001001390 isoform 3 precursor (SEQ ID NO: 15); NP_(—)001001391 isoform 4 precursor (SEQ ID NO: 16); NP_(—)001001392 isoform 5 precursor (SEQ ID NO: 17); and CAA44602 Isoform identified in tumour cells (SEQ ID NO: 18)); and

FIGS. 22A-22C show the structure of sCD44 (FIG. 22A), the origin of the various CD44 isoforms (FIG. 22B) and the cleavage site in one sCD44 isoform (SEQ ID NO: 23; FIG. 22C).

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The involvement of osteopontin (OPN) (also called secreted phosphoprotein 1, bone sialoprotein I, early T-lymphocyte activation 1), a multifunctional cytokine, was investigated in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and plasma OPN concentrations were determined in three populations: patients with AIS, healthy controls without any family antecedent for scoliosis and asymptomatic offspring, born from at least one scoliotic parent, who are considered as at risk (“children at risk”).

A group of 252 consecutive patients with AIS were compared with 35 healthy control subjects without any family history of scoliosis and 70 asymptomatic at risk subjects. All subjects were Caucasians and demographic characteristics are shown in Table 2 below. Plasma OPN, soluble CD44 receptor (sCD44), and hyaluronan (HA) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pinealectomized chicken and genetically modified bipedal C57Bl/6j mice devoid of either OPN or CD44 receptor, a known OPN receptor, were also studied.

Mean plasma OPN concentration in patients with AIS were significantly higher (p-value <0.001) in patients with AIS having a Cobb's angle >45° (965±414 nanograms per milliliter) than that in healthy controls (570±156 nanograms per milliliter) and that in AIS patients with a Cobb's angle <45° (799±284 nanograms per milliliter). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of OPN for AIS was 84.4 percent and 90.6 percent respectively (cut-off value ≧800 nanograms per milliliter). Subgroup analysis showed that 47.9 percent of children at risk had OPN values higher than 800 nanograms per milliliter as opposed to only 8.6 percent for the controls indicating that elevated plasma OPN levels precede scoliosis formation. There were no significant differences in mean plasma sCD44 levels and HA levels between all groups. In respect to pathophysiology of scoliosis, the bipedal C57Bl/6j mouse model demonstrated that the development of scoliosis requires OPN interactions with CD44 receptors since none of the genetically modified bipedal mice developed a scoliosis. Cut-off values for OPN disclosed herein were calculated using the commercial Elisa kit specific to human OPN from IBL. They may vary when a OPN expression (mRNA or protein) is measured differently (e.g. measuring OPN expression in a different biological sample through OPN RNA or OPN protein but using a different antibody).

OPN (also called secreted phosphoprotein-1, minopontin, or Eta-1) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein containing an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence present in mineralized tissues such as extracellular matrices. This multifunctional cytokine is involved in many pathological conditions.^(9,10) The presence of OPN transcripts and proteins in postural control centers such as the cerebellum, skeletal muscle proprioceptive sensory organs, and inner ear structures that control of equilibrium⁽¹¹⁾ is of interest, since AIS patients also exhibit defects in postural control, proprioception and equilibrium.^((12,13)) High plasma OPN levels have been found in different adult cancers and inflammatory conditions³⁰⁻³³.

OPN signaling action: The OPN signaling pathways are not well understood, although it is known that aside from interacting with integrins, OPN can interact with CD44 receptor at the cell surface^(14,15). Although CD44 is a major receptor for hyaluronan (HA), it also acts as a receptor for OPN and has multiple RGD binding sites. All human isoforms of the CD44 family of adhesion molecules are encoded by a single gene. Alternate splicing of 12 of the 19 exons in the human CD44 gene leads to the production of multiple variant isoforms^(16,17) and such structural heterogeneity is responsible of the ligand repertoire of CD44, which includes fibronectin¹⁸, chondroitine sulphate¹⁹, osteopontin²⁰, at least two heparin binding growth hormones and hyaluronan.^(21,22) Soluble variant isoforms of sCD44 (sCD44var) have been associated with several pathological conditions^(16,18,23,24). It has been proposed that sCD44 isoforms are either generated through proteolytic cleavage of cell surface CD44 or by de novo synthesis due to alternative splicing. Functional diversity among CD44 molecules, unrelated to variant exon usage, is demonstrated by observations that CD44H, or any particular splice-variant, can be active for hyaluronan (HA) binding when expressed in some cell types but inactive in others. Many CD44 isoforms are tissue specific, but the full range of soluble variant isoform(s) of sCD44 has been associated with some pathological conditions. Indeed, circulating levels of total sCD44 and specific soluble CD44 isoforms have been shown to correlate with tumor metastasis in some malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and breast, gastric, and colon carcinomas. The level of soluble CD44 is also known to be higher in the body fluids of subjects with particular inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pouchitis and colitis, and bronchitis. Hyaluronan (HA), also called hyaluronate or hyaluronic acid, is a mucopolysaccharide widely distributed throughout the body and produced by a variety of cells including fibroblasts and other specialized connective tissue cells.

As used herein the term “subject” is meant to refer to any mammal including human, mice, rat, dog, cat, pig, monkey, horse, etc. In a particular embodiment, it refers to a human.

As used herein the term “brace” is meant to include dental and orthopedic brace and “bracing” thus refers to the action of placing the braces on the subject. In a specific embodiment, it is meant to refer to braces for scoliotic subjects.

As used herein the terminology “spinal disorders and disorders causing scoliosis” refers to disorders that may involve development of a scoliosis. Without so limited, it includes AIS, congenital scoliosis, congenital cyphose scoliosis, neurological scoliosis, dysplasic scoliosis, neurofibromatosis, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies, neuromuscular scoliosis, spondylolesthesis and Noonan syndrome. Scoliosis that may be stratified or predicted excludes those caused by an accident and certain congenital malformations.

As used herein the terms “likely candidate for developing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis” include children of which at least one parent has adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Among other factors, age (adolescence), gender and heredity (i.e. born from a mother or father having a scoliosis) are factors that are known to contribute to the risk of developing a scoliosis and are used to a certain degree to assess the risk of developing AIS. In certain subjects, scoliosis develops rapidly over a short period of time to the point of requiring a corrective surgery. Current courses of action available from the moment AIS is diagnosed (when scoliosis is apparent) include observation (when Cobb's angle is around 10-25°), orthopaedic devices (when Cobb's angle is around 25-30°), and surgery (over 45°). The more reliable methods of determining the risk of progression and of monitoring treatment efficiency in accordance of the present invention may assist in 1) selecting an appropriate diet to remove certain food products identified as contributors to scoliosis; 2) selecting the best therapeutic agent; 3) selecting the least invasive preventive action and/or available treatment such as postural exercises, orthopaedic device, and/or less invasive surgeries or surgeries without fusions (a surgery that does not fuse vertebra and preserves column mobility).

As used herein, the terms “severe AIS” refers to a scoliosis characterized by Cobb's angle of 45° or more.

As used herein the terms “risk of developing scoliosis” refer to a genetic or metabolic predisposition of a subject to develop a scoliosis (i.e. spinal deformity) and/or to develop a more severe scoliosis at a future time. For instance, an increase of the Cobb's angle of a subject (e.g. from 40° to 50°, or from 18° to 25°) is a “development” of scoliosis.

As used herein the terminology “biological sample” refers to any solid or liquid sample isolated from a living being. In a particular embodiment, it refers to any solid or liquid sample isolated from a human. Without being so limited it includes a biopsy material, blood, tears (48), saliva, maternal milk, synovial fluid, urine, ear fluid, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. In a specific embodiment it refers to a blood sample.

As used herein the terminology “blood sample” is meant to refer to blood, plasma or serum. In a preferred embodiment, plasma is used. In a more specific embodiment it refers to a plasma sample.

As used herein the terminology “control sample” is meant to refer to a sample that does not come from a subject known to have scoliosis or known to be a likely candidate for developing a scoliosis. In methods for determining the risk of developing scoliosis in a subject that is pre-diagnosed with scoliosis, the sample may however also come from the subject under scrutiny at an earlier stage of the disease or disorder.

As used herein the term “treating” or “treatment” in reference to scoliosis is meant to refer to at least one of a reduction of Cobb's angle in a preexisting spinal deformity, improvement of column mobility, preservation/maintenance of column mobility, improvement of equilibrium and balance in a specific plan; maintenance/preservation of equilibrium and balance in a specific plan; improvement of functionality in a specific plan, preservation/maintenance of functionality in a specific plan, cosmetic improvement, and combination of any of the above.

As used herein the term “preventing” or “prevention” in reference to scoliosis is meant to refer to a at least one of a reduction in the progression of a Cobb's angle in a patient having a scoliosis or in an asymptomatic patient, a complete prevention of apparition of a spinal deformity, including changes affecting the rib cage and pelvis in 3D, and a combination of any of the above.

As used herein the term “osteopontin inhibitor” refers to an agent able to reduce or block expression (transcription or translation) of OPN (gene called sspi1), an agent able to reduce or block OPN secretion or an agent able to reduce or block OPN binding to its receptor CD44. Without being so limited, the agent can be natural or synthetic and can be a protein such as but not limited to an antibody that specifically binds to OPN, a peptide, a small molecule, a nucleotide such as but not limited to an antisense or a siRNA specific to OPN.

As used herein the term “CD44 inhibitor” refers to an agent able to reduce expression (transcription or translation) of CD44, or an agent able to reduce CD44 localization at the cellular membrane. Without being so limited, the agent can be natural or synthetic and can be a protein such as but not limited to an antibody that specifically binds to CD44, a peptide, a small molecule, a nucleotide such as but not limited to an antisense or a siRNA specific to CD44.

As used herein the term “sCD44 stimulator” refers to an agent able to increase expression (transcription or translation) of sCD44, an agent able to increase sCD44 secretion or an agent able to increase sCD44 affinity toward OPN. Without being so limited, the agent can be a protein, a peptide, a small molecule or a nucleotide.

The articles “a,” “an” and “the” are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.

The term “including” and “comprising” are used herein to mean, and re used interchangeably with, the phrases “including but not limited to” and “comprising but not limited to”.

The terms “such as” are used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the phrase “such as but not limited to”.

The present invention also relates to methods for the determination of the level of expression (i.e. transcript or translation product) of OPN, HA or sCD44. The present invention therefore encompasses any known method for such determination including Elisa (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), RIA (Radioimmunoassay), real time PCR and competitive PCR, Northern blots, nuclease protection, plaque hybridization and slot blots.

The present invention also concerns isolated nucleic acid molecules including probes and primers to detect OPN, sCD44 or CD44. In specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have no more than 300, or no more than 200, or no more than 100, or no more than 90, or no more than 80, or no more than 70, or no more than 60, or no more than 50, or no more than 40 or no more than 30 nucleotides. In specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 17, or at least 18, or at least 19, or at least 20, or at least 30, or at least 40 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 300 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 200 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 100 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 90 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 80 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 70 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 60 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 50 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 40 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 17 and no more than 40 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 20 and no more than 30 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 17 and no more than 30 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 300 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 200 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 100 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 90 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 80 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 70 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 60 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 50 nucleotides. In other specific embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules have at least 30 and no more than 40 nucleotides. It should be understood that in real-time PCR, primers also constitute probe without the traditional meaning of this term. Primers or probes appropriate to detect OPN sCD44 and CD44 in the methods of the present invention can be designed with known methods using sequences distributed across their respective nucleotide sequence (49).

Probes of the invention can be utilized with naturally occurring sugar-phosphate backbones as well as modified backbones including phosphorothioates, dithionates, alkyl phosphonates and α-nucleotides and the like. Modified sugar-phosphate backbones are generally known. Probes of the invention can be constructed of either ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and preferably of DNA.

The types of detection methods in which probes can be used include Southern blots (DNA detection), dot or slot blots (DNA, RNA), and Northern blots (RNA detection). Although less preferred, labeled proteins could also be used to detect a particular nucleic acid sequence to which it binds. Other detection methods include kits containing probes on a dipstick setup and the like.

As used herein the terms “detectably labeled” refer to a marking of a probe or an antibody in accordance with the presence invention that will allow the detection of OPN, HA and/or sCD44 in accordance with the present invention. Although the present invention is not specifically dependent on the use of a label for the detection of a particular nucleic acid sequence, such a label might be beneficial, by increasing the sensitivity of the detection. Furthermore, it enables automation. Probes can be labeled according to numerous well known methods. Non-limiting examples of labels include 3H, 14C, 32P, and 35S. Non-limiting examples of detectable markers include ligands, fluorophores, chemiluminescent agents, enzymes, and antibodies. Other detectable markers for use with probes, which can enable an increase in sensitivity of the method of the invention, include biotin and radionucleotides. It will become evident to the person of ordinary skill that the choice of a particular label dictates the manner in which it is bound to the probe.

As commonly known, radioactive nucleotides can be incorporated into probes of the invention by several methods. Non-limiting examples thereof include kinasing the 5′ ends of the probes using gamma 32P ATP and polynucleotide kinase, using the Klenow fragment of Pol I of E. coli in the presence of radioactive dNTP (e.g. uniformly labeled DNA probe using random oligonucleotide primers in low-melt gels), using the SP6/T7 system to transcribe a DNA segment in the presence of one or more radioactive NTP, and the like.

The present invention also relates to methods of selecting compounds. As used herein the term “compound” is meant to encompass natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds, including without being so limited chemicals, macromolecules, cell or tissue extracts (from plants or animals), nucleic acid molecules, peptides, antibodies and proteins.

The present invention also relates to arrays. As used herein, an “array” is an intentionally created collection of molecules which can be prepared either synthetically or biosynthetically. The molecules in the array can be identical or different from each other. The array can assume a variety of formats, e.g., libraries of soluble molecules; libraries of compounds tethered to resin beads, silica chips, or other solid supports.

As used herein “array of nucleic acid molecules” is an intentionally created collection of nucleic acids which can be prepared either synthetically or biosynthetically in a variety of different formats (e.g., libraries of soluble molecules; and libraries of oligonucleotides tethered to resin beads, silica chips, or other solid supports). Additionally, the term “array” is meant to include those libraries of nucleic acids which can be prepared by spotting nucleic acids of essentially any length (e.g., from 1 to about 1000 nucleotide monomers in length) onto a substrate. The term “nucleic acid” as used herein refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), that comprise purine and pyrimidine bases, or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases. The backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise sugars and phosphate groups, as may typically be found in RNA or DNA, or modified or substituted sugar or phosphate groups. A polynucleotide may comprise modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. Thus the terms nucleoside, nucleotide, deoxynucleoside and deoxynucleotide generally include analogs such as those described herein. These analogs are those molecules having some structural features in common with a naturally occurring nucleoside or nucleotide such that when incorporated into a nucleic acid or oligonucleotide sequence, they allow hybridization with a naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence in solution. Typically, these analogs are derived from naturally occurring nucleosides and nucleotides by replacing and/or modifying the base, the ribose or the phosphodiester moiety. The changes can be tailor made to stabilize or destabilize hybrid formation or enhance the specificity of hybridization with a complementary nucleic acid sequence as desired.

As used herein “solid support”, “support”, and “substrate” are used interchangeably and refer to a material or group of materials having a rigid or semi-rigid surface or surfaces. In many embodiments, at least one surface of the solid support will be substantially flat, although in some embodiments it may be desirable to physically separate synthesis regions for different compounds with, for example, wells, raised regions, pins, etched trenches, or the like. According to other embodiments, the solid support(s) will take the form of beads, resins, gels, microspheres, or other geometric configurations.

Any known nucleic acid arrays can be used in accordance with the present invention. For instance, such arrays include those based on short or longer oligonucleotide probes as well as cDNAs or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. Other methods include serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), differential display, as well as subtractive hybridization methods, differential screening (DS), RNA arbitrarily primer (RAP)-PCR, restriction endonucleolytic analysis of differentially expressed sequences (READS), amplified restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (AFLP).

Antibodies

The present invention encompasses using antibodies for detecting or determining OPN, sCD44 or CD44 levels for instance in the samples of a subject and for including in kits of the present invention. Antibodies that specifically bind to these biological markers can be produced routinely with methods further described below. The present invention also encompasses using antibodies commercially available. Without being so limited antibodies that specifically bind to OPN include those listed in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 commercially available human OPN Elisa kits. Catalogue Company Kit name number Sensitivity IBL Hambourg Human Osteopontin ELISA JP 171 58 3.33 ng/ml IBL America Human Osteopontin N-Half 27258 3.90 pmol/L Assay Kit-IBL IBL-America Human Osteopontin Assay 27158 3.33 ng/ml Kit-IBL Assay designs Osteopontin (human) EIA Kit 900-142 0.11 ng/ml American Research Osteopontin, human kit 17158 ? Products, Inc. R&D Systems Human Osteopontin (OPN) DOST00 0.024 ng/mL ELISA Kit Promokine Human Osteopontin ELISA PK-EL-KA4231 3.6 ng/ml Uscnlife Human Osteopontin, OPN E0899h ? ELISA Kit

Both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed to OPN are included within the scope of this invention as they can be produced by well established procedures known to those of skill in the art. Additionally, any secondary antibodies, either monoclonal or polyclonal, directed to the first antibodies would also be included within the scope of this invention.

As used herein, the term “anti-OPN antibody” or “immunologically specific anti-OPN antibody” refers to an antibody that specifically binds to (interacts with) an OPN protein and displays no substantial binding to other naturally occurring proteins other than the ones sharing the same antigenic determinants as the OPN protein. The term antibody or immunoglobulin is used in the broadest sense, and covers monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally an antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, and Fv fragments, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules, single domain antibodies (e.g., from camelids), shark NAR single domain antibodies, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Antibody fragments can also refer to binding moieties comprising CDRs or antigen binding domains including, but not limited to, VH regions (V_(H), V_(H)-V_(H)), anticalins, PEPBODIES™, antibody-T-cell epitope fusions (Troybodies) or Peptibodies. Additionally, any secondary antibodies, either monoclonal or polyclonal, directed to the first antibodies would also be included within the scope of this invention.

In general, techniques for preparing antibodies (including monoclonal antibodies and hybridomas) and for detecting antigens using antibodies are well known in the art (Campbell, 1984, In “Monoclonal Antibody Technology: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”, Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and in Harlow et al., 1988 (in: Antibody A Laboratory Manual, CSH Laboratories). The term antibody encompasses herein polyclonal, monoclonal antibodies and antibody variants such as single-chain antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies and immunologically active fragments of antibodies (e.g. Fab and Fab′ fragments) which inhibit or neutralize their respective interaction domains in Hyphen and/or are specific thereto.

Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc), intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the relevant antigen with or without an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a bifunctional or derivatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOCl2, or R¹N═C═NR, where R and R¹ are different alkyl groups.

Animals may be immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining the antigen or conjugate (e.g., 100 μg for rabbits or 5 μg for mice) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites. One month later the animals are boosted with the antigen or conjugate (e.g., with ⅕ to 1/10 of the original amount used to immunize) in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites. Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus. Preferably, for conjugate immunizations, the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent. Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.

Monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256: 495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,023). Monoclonal antibodies may also be made using the techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,025,155 and 6,077,677 as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2002/0160970 and 2003/0083293 (see also, e.g., Lindenbaum et al., 2004).

In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal, such as a rat, hamster or monkey, is immunized (e.g., as hereinabove described) to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the antigen used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell.

The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.

As used herein, the term “purified” in the expression “purified antibody” is simply meant to distinguish man-made antibody from an antibody that may naturally be produced by an animal against its own antigens. Hence, raw serum and hybridoma culture medium containing anti-OPN antibody are “purified antibodies” within the meaning of the present invention.

The present invention also encompasses arrays to detect and/or quantify the translation products of OPN, HA or sCD44. Such arrays include protein micro- or macroarrays, gel technologies including high-resolution 2D-gel methodologies, possibly coupled with mass spectrometry imaging system at the cellular level such as microscopy combined with a fluorescent labeling system.

The present invention also encompasses methods for identifying specific mutation(s) directly or indirectly affecting the transcription, translation, post-translational modification or activity of OPN. Without being so limited, mutations of interest include any mutation affecting the interactions between OPN and any soluble or non-soluble isoform of CD44 or the binding of HA to any soluble or non-soluble isoform of CD44.

The present invention also encompasses the monitoring of the biomarkers disclosed herein to assess the efficacy of numerous approaches to prevent scoliosis and curve progression such as any physical therapies (e.g. postural exercises, physiotherapies, biomechanical stimulations by manipulation or using specific devices e.g. vibrant plates); the monitoring of bracing efficacy or development of novel braces; the monitoring of new surgical devices with or without fusion of vertebrae, and the monitoring of the efficacy of specific diet, nutraceutical and/or pharmacological treatments. Without being so limited, the first measure after the braces have been applied could be performed 1 month later to determine for instance whether the braces are well adjusted and determine whether the patient is compliant to the treatment. Thereafter, the monitoring could be performed every three to six months depending on whether high OPN levels are detected or not. This method of the present invention may advantageously reduce the requirement for x-rays. X-rays could be performed for instance only at visits where OPN levels detected are too high.

The present invention also encompasses the monitoring of the biomarkers disclosed herein to identify patients having a risk of progression for early bracing or for less-invasive surgeries with novel fusionless devices, for pharmacological treatments and to monitor responses to treatment in patients with AIS. Of note, fusionless devices are particularly useful for patients still possessing a growth potential so that identification of the risk of developing a scoliosis as early as possible in the life of the subject is beneficial. In a specific embodiment, monitoring begins when the subject is about 5 years old or less in subjects having a scoliosis family antecedent/history. The frequency of the testing could typically be every six months. In case where OPN values are above the cut-off value (i.e. >800 ng/ml when the OPN IBL ELISA kit code No. 27158 is used), the frequency would be advantageously significantly increased (e.g. every month, every two months, every three months . . . ).

The present invention also encompasses methods to screen/select for potential useful therapeutic agents using whole cells assays, the therapeutic compound being able to repress the transcription and/or synthesis of OPN (encoded by ssp1 gene), and/or able to increase the production of sCD44 which could sequester circulating OPN, and/or able to interfere with OPN liaison with the CD44 receptor, and/or able to block the CD44 receptor. Cells for use in such methods includes cells of any source (including in house or commercially available cell lines) and type (any tissue). In house cell lines could be made for instance by immortalizing cells from AIS subjects. In specific embodiments, methods of screening of the invention seek to identify agents that inhibit OPN expression (transcription and/or translation) and agents that increase sCD44 expression (transcription and/or translation). Useful cell lines for these embodiments include those producing high levels of OPN and/or low levels of sCD44. Such useful cell lines are described in references 43-56.

In a particular embodiment, it includes cells of any cell type derived from a scoliotic patient. In specific embodiments, it includes osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myoblasts or blood cells including lymphocytes. As used herein, the term “cell derived from a scoliotic patient” refers to cells isolated directly from scoliotic patients, or immortalized cell lines originating from cells isolated directly from scoliotic patients. In specific embodiments, the cells are paraspinal muscle cells. Such cells may be isolated by a subject through needle biopsies for instance.

Pharmaceutical compositions can also be administered by routes such as the nasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, sublingual, intrathecal, or intradermal route. The route of administration can depend on a variety of factors, such as the environment and therapeutic goals.

Dosage

Any amount of a pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical and/or dietary supplement compositions can be administered to a subject. The dosages will depend on many factors including the mode of administration. Typically, the amount of anti-scoliosis composition (e.g. osteopontin inhibitor or selenium compound) contained within a single dose will be an amount that effectively prevents, delays or reduces scoliosis without inducing significant toxicity “therapeutically effective amount”.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the neutraceutical anti-scoliosis composition (e.g. selenium supplement) can be altered. Useful effective amount concentrations include amounts ranging from about 0.01% to about 10% of a total diet on a weight by weight basis, from about 1% to about 6% of a total diet on a weight by weight basis, or from about 02% to about 6% of a total diet on a weight by weight basis.

The effective amount of the osteopontin inhibitor or selenium compound may also be measured directly. The effective amount may be given daily or weekly or fractions thereof. Typically, a pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical and/or dietary supplement composition of the invention can be administered in an amount from about 0.001 mg up to about 500 mg per kg of body weight per day (e.g., 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, or 250 mg). Dosages may be provided in either a single or multiple dosage regimen. For example, in some embodiments the effective amount is a dose that ranges from about 1 mg to about 25 grams of the anti-scoliose preparation per day, about 50 mg to about 10 grams of the anti-scoliose preparation per day, from about 100 mg to about 5 grams of the anti-scoliose preparation per day, about 1 gram of the anti-scoliose preparation per day, about 1 mg to about 25 grams of the anti-scoliose preparation per week, about 50 mg to about 10 grams of the anti-scoliose preparation per week, about 100 mg to about 5 grams of the anti-scoliose preparation every other day, and about 1 gram of the anti-scoliose preparation once a week.

By way of example, a pharmaceutical (e.g. containing an osteopontin inhibitor) and/or nutraceutical (e.g. containing selenium) and/or dietary supplement (e.g. containing selenium) composition of the invention can be in the form of a liquid, solution, suspension, pill, capsule, tablet, gelcap, powder, gel, ointment, cream, nebulae, mist, atomized vapor, aerosol, or phytosome. For oral administration, tablets or capsules can be prepared by conventional means with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents. The tablets can be coated by methods known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration can take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups, or suspension, or they can be presented as a dry product for constitution with saline or other suitable liquid vehicle before use. Dietary supplements of the invention also can contain pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles, preservatives, buffer salts, flavoring, coloring, and sweetening agents as appropriate. Preparations for oral administration also can be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active ingredients.

In addition, a pharmaceutical (e.g. containing an osteopontin inhibitor) and/or nutraceutical (e.g. containing selenium) and/or dietary supplement (e.g. containing selenium) composition of the invention can contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for administration to a mammal, including, without limitation, sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents include, without limitation, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, and injectable organic esters. Aqueous carriers include, without limitation, water, alcohol, saline, and buffered solutions. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers also can include physiologically acceptable aqueous vehicles (e.g., physiological saline) or other known carriers appropriate to specific routes of administration.

An osteopontin inhibitor or selenium may be incorporated into dosage forms in conjunction with any of the vehicles which are commonly employed in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g. talc, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium searate, cocoa butter, aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, oils, paraffin derivatives or glycols. Emulsions such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,183, may also be used in which vegetable oil (e.g., soybean oil or safflower oil), emulsifying agent (e.g., egg yolk phospholipid) and water are combined with glycerol. Methods for preparing appropriate formulations are well known in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Ed., 1980, A. Oslo Ed., Easton, Pa.).

In cases where parenteral administration is elected as the route of administration, preparations containing osteopontin inhibitor or selenium may be provided to patients in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, suspensions or emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil, fish oil, and injectable organic esters. Aqueous carriers include water, water-alcohol solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered medical parenteral vehicles including sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose solution, dextrose plus sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution containing lactose, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles may include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as those based upon Ringer's dextrose, and the like.

These are simply guidelines since the actual dose must be carefully selected and titrated by the attending physician based upon clinical factors unique to each patient or by a nutritionist. The optimal daily dose will be determined by methods known in the art and will be influenced by factors such as the age of the patient and other clinically relevant factors. In addition, patients may be taking medications for other diseases or conditions. The other medications may be continued during the time that the osteopontin inhibitor or selenium compound is given to the patient, but it is particularly advisable in such cases to begin with low doses to determine if adverse side effects are experienced.

The present invention also relates to kits. Without being so limited, it relates to kits for stratifying scoliotic subjects and/or predicting whether a subject is at risk of developing a scoliosis comprising an isolated nucleic acid, a protein or a ligand such as an antibody in accordance with the present invention as described above. For example, a compartmentalized kit in accordance with the present invention includes any kit in which reagents are contained in separate containers. Such containers include small glass containers, plastic containers or strips of plastic or paper. Such containers allow the efficient transfer of reagents from one compartment to another compartment such that the samples and reagents are not cross-contaminated and the agents or solutions of each container can be added in a quantitative fashion from one compartment to another. Such containers will include a container which will accept the subject sample (DNA genomic nucleic acid, cell sample or blood samples), a container which contains in some kits of the present invention, the probes used in the methods of the present invention, containers which contain enzymes, containers which contain wash reagents, and containers which contain the reagents used to detect the extension products. Kits of the present invention may also contain instructions to use these probes and or antibodies to stratify scoliotic subjects or predict whether a subject is at risk of developing a scoliosis.

The present invention is illustrated in further details by the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1 Material and Methods

Generation of Bipedal C57BL/6J OPN-Null and CD44-Null Mice.

Experiments in mice were conducted according to protocols approved by The Ste-Justine Hospital's Animal Health Care Review Committee. Breeding pairs of C57Bl/6 devoid of either OPN (OPN-null mice) or CD44 receptor (CD44-null mice) backcrossed for more than 10 generations in C57Bl/6j mice were graciously obtained from Dr. Susan Rittling, (Rutger University, NJ, USA) and Dr. Tak Mak (University of Toronto, ON, Canada), respectively, to establish new colonies, while C57Bl/6j mice served as wild-type control mice (Charles-River, Wilmington, Mass., USA). The C57Bl6/6j mouse strain was used because it is naturally deficient in melatonin⁽²⁸⁾, exhibits high circulating OPN levels⁽²⁷⁾ and develops scoliosis when they are maintained in a bipedal state.⁽²⁸⁾ It is a well-known scoliosis animal model. Bipedal surgeries were performed after weaning by amputation of the forelimbs and tail under anesthesia as reported previously.⁽²⁸⁾ All mice underwent complete radiographic examination under anesthesia using a FAXITRON™ X-rays apparatus (Faxitron X-rays Corp. Wheeling, Ill., USA) every two weeks starting at the age of six weeks. Anteroposterior X-rays were taken and each digital image was evaluated subsequently for the presence of scoliosis. Cobb's angle threshold value of 10° or higher was retained as a significant scoliotic condition.

Immunodetection of Mouse OPN

Mouse serum was obtained from peripheral blood samples for the determination of serum levels of OPN and were collected in serum separator tubes containing silica gel (BD Microtainer, BD New Jersey, USA) and then centrifuged. Derived serum samples were aliquoted and kept frozen at −80° C. until thawed and analyzed. Serum concentrations of OPN were measured by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer (IBL, Hamburg, Germany). The OPN ELISA kit measured total concentration of both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated of all isoforms of OPN in serum. ELISA tests were performed in duplicate and the optical density was measured at 450 nm using an ASYSHITECH™ Expert-96 microplate reader (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK). Although serum was used in mice herein, the present invention also encompasses measuring OPN in mice plasma.

Generation of Pinealectomized Chickens.

A percentage of pinealectomized chickens develop a scoliosis and they are thus used as a scoliosis model. For this study, 145 newly hatched chickens (Mountain Hubbard) were purchased at a local hatchery and pinealectomy were performed as previously described⁽²⁵⁾.

Expression Analysis and Immunodetection of Chicken OPN.

Total cellular RNA was prepared from paraspinal muscles of pinealectomized chickens by phenol/chloroform extraction. For RT-PCR, 1 microgram total RNA was reversed transcribed using THERMOSCRIPT™ reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen), and the equivalent of 0.1 microgram of reverse-transcribed RNA used for PCR reactions. These were carried out in a final volume of 50 microliters containing 200 micromolar dNTPs, 1.5 millimolar MgCl₂, 10 picomolar of each primer, and 1 U Pfu DNA-polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA). PCR reactions were performed using the following primers and conditions: chicken OPN (420 by PCR product): 5′-ACACTTTCACTCCAATCGTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19) (forward), 5′-TGCCCTTTCCGTTGTTGTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 20) (reverse) 35 cycles: 95° C./45 seconds, 66° C./45 seconds, 72° C./1 minute. For quantitative analysis, all amplifications were normalized against that of the housekeeping gene β-actin; chicken β-actin (460 bp PCR product) 5′-GGAAATCGTGCGTGACAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21) (forward), 5′-TCATGATGGAGTTGAATGTAGTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 22) (reverse) 32 cycles: 94° C./45 seconds, 55° C./45 seconds, 72° C./1 minute. PCR amplified products were analyzed on 1.5% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. Total protein extracts of paraspinal muscles were used to detect chicken OPN by Western blot using anti-human OPN antibodies cross-reacting with chicken OPN (clone 8E5, Kamiya Biomedial, WA, USA).

Human Populations

The institutional review boards of The Sainte-Justine Hospital, The Montreal Children's Hospital, The Shriners Hospital for Children in Montreal, McGill University and The Affluent School Board, approved the study. Parents or legal guardians of all participants gave written informed consent, and minors gave their assent.

All patients with AIS were examined by one of six orthopedic surgeons. A person was deemed to be affected if history and physical examination were consistent with the diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis and a minimum of a ten degree curvature in the coronal plane with vertebral rotation was found on a standing radiograph of the spine. Healthy controls were recruited in elementary schools of Montreal. Each subject was examined by the same orthopedic surgeon using Adam's forward bending-test with a scoliometer.

Three populations were investigated: patients with AIS, healthy controls without any family antecedent/history for scoliosis and asymptomatic offspring, born from at least one scoliotic parent, who are considered as at risk of developing a scoliosis. A group of 252 consecutive patients with AIS, 35 healthy control subjects and 70 asymptomatic children at risk of developing a scoliosis were recruited. All subjects were Caucasians and demographic characteristics are shown in Table 2 below).

TABLE 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with AIS, healthy control and at risk control subjects. Subject Type AIS Healthy Control Subjects At Risk Control Subjects Characteristics Female Male Female Male Female Male Number 215 37 19 16 45 25 Mean Age (Years) 141 ± 2.1 14.8 ± 22 10.6 ± 0.6 10.9 ± 0.6 9.8 ± 3.7 10.0 ± 2.9 Patient percentage & Mean Cobb's Angle Thoracolumbar 35.8% 22.5 ± 15.2 29.7% 28.3 ± 22.8 — — — — Thoracic 20.5% 39.7 ± 20.4 29.7% 34.1 ± 22.3 — — — — Double Scoliosis 30.2% 24.3% — — — — (Thoracic + Lumbar) Thoracic Curvature 34.8 ± 19.0 38.9 ± 21.2 Lumbar Curvature 31.0 ± 17.3 33.0 ± 18.7 Lumbar 4.7% 25.4 ± 10.7 8.1% 20.3 ± 3.5  — — — — Double Scoliosis 6.0% 5.4% — — — — (Thoracic + Thoracolumbar) Thoracic Curvature 25.4 ± 13.5 36.0 ± 19.8 Lumbar Curvature 25.2 ± 15.5 41.0 ± 29.7 Triple Scoliosis 1.9% 36.8 ± 18.5 2.7%  8.0 — — — — 41.0 ± 14.3 11.0 30.5 ± 7.7  11.0 Double Scoliosis 0.9% — — — — — (Thoracic + Thoracic) 29.0 ± 5.7  — 16.5 ± 3.5  — Heredity 36.3% 37.8% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. † Mean Cobb's Angles for double scoliosis are represented by the curvatures on the thoracic and lumbar levels separately. ‡ Mean Cobb's Angle for the triple scoliosis represents two thoracic curvatures and one lumbar curvature.

Osteopontin, sCD44 and Ha Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays

Peripheral blood samples for AIS patients, asymptomatic children and control groups were collected in EDTA-containing tubes and then centrifuged. Derived plasma samples were aliquoted and kept frozen at −80° C. until thawed and analyzed. Plasma concentrations of OPN and sCD44 were measured by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) according to protocols provided by the manufacturer (IBL, Hamburg, Germany). The sCD44 Elisa kit (sCD44std) measured all circulating (soluble) CD44 isoforms comprising the standard protein sequences but not the rare isoforms associated with alternative splicing between exons V2 and V10 (50) (see also FIG. 22). The OPN IBL ELISA kit (code No. 27158) measures total concentration of both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated of all isoforms of OPN in plasma. Circulating levels of HA were measured in all plasma samples using an ELISA kit (HA-Elisa (K-1200), Echelon Biosciences, Salt Lake City, Utah). All ELISA tests were performed in duplicate and the optical density was measured at 450 nm (for OPN and sCD44) and 405 nm (for HA) using an AsysHiTech Expert-96™ microplate reader (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK). Other Elisa kits available commercially or house made can be used in methods of the present invention. The cut-off value that statistically distinguishes non-scoliotic subjects from scoliotic subjects that will help predict the risk of scoliosis progression as determined with these other kits will likely differ from that calculated with the kit used herein. It may however be calculated for each new antibody used as described herein.

Statistical Analysis

Age and gender differences among the different AIS and control groups were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square and Student's t tests, respectively. Multiple linear regression models were used to test for association between groups and levels of OPN, sCD44, and HA. Values were adjusted for age, gender, and age-gender interaction when these potential confounders were associated with the biomarker levels at p<0.1. Interactions between group and gender were also investigated. It was first tested for an overall group effect using a global F test comparing models with and without group effects. Were then tested specific differences between groups, applying a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of OPN, and to identify the optimal threshold values. The sensitivity (proportion of true-positive results when the assay was applied to patients known to have AIS) and specificity (proportion of true-negative results when the assay was applied to healthy controls) of OPN were profiled by curves. The area under ROC curve (AUC) and associated 95% confidence interval were calculated. The test of the hypothesis that the theoretical AUC is 0.5 was based on the confidence interval. Statistical analysis was performed with the SAS software, version 9.1, with the exception of the ROC curve analysis, which was performed with the ROCR package for R^((51,52)). In all analyses except when otherwise mentioned a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Example 2 mRNA and Protein OPN Levels Pinealectomized Chicken

Expression analysis and immunodetection analysis of OPN in pinealectomized chicken were performed as described in Example 1 above. OPN at the mRNA and protein levels occurring in pinealectomized chicken were measured. FIG. 1 shows a strong increase of OPN at the mRNA and protein levels only in pinealectomized chicken that developed a scoliosis.

Example 3 OPN Protein Levels in C57Bl/6j Mice

Bipedal C57Bl/6j mice were generated and their OPN level was determined as described in Example 1 above. Bipedal ambulation for 8 weeks in C57Bl/6j mice induced scoliosis at a rate of 46 percent in females and 24 percent in males which correlated well with higher plasma OPN levels found in females (Table 3 below). The relevance of this animal model is strengthened by the fact that scoliosis are more frequently seen in number and severity in bipedal C57Bl/6j females (46%) when compared to bipedal males (24%) as is also observed in humans.

TABLE 3 Scoliosis frequency in naturally melatonin deficient mouse strain C57BI/6j mice and genetically modified C57BI mice devoid of OPN or CD44. Mean period of n % of scoliosis follow-up C57BI/6j ♂ 21 24%  57 weeks +/− 3 ♀ 28 46%  57 weeks +/− 3 C57BI/6j ♂ 30 0% 54 weeks +/− 2 OPN-null ♀ 24 0% 54 weeks +/− 2 C57BI/6j ♂ 29 0% 52 weeks +/− 2 CD44-null ♀ 31 0% 52 weeks +/− 2

FIG. 2 shows that the OPN protein level strongly increases after bipedal surgery (i.e. during scoliosis development) in scoliotic C57Bl/6j mice.

Example 4

Observation of Effect of Absence of OPN or CD44 Bipedal C57Bl/6j Mice on Scoliosis

The contribution of OPN and CD44 receptor as an integral part of the pathophysiology cascade in scoliosis formation and curve progression was also examined by studying genetically modified bipedal C57Bl/6j mice by conducting experiments as described in Example 1 above. As shown in Table 3 above, it was found that none of the bipedal C57Bl/6j OPN-null (n=54) and C57Bl/6j CD44-null mice (n=60) respectively, developed a scoliosis even if their analysis was extended over 52 weeks. Scoliosis development is detected 8 weeks after the surgery. A longer follow-up was performed to demonstrate that scoliosis development was not simply delayed in OPN-null and CD44-null mice.

In parallel, melatonin circulating levels were measured in wild-type and OPN-KO mice to exclude the possibility that absence of scoliosis in bipedal C57Bl/6 OPN-KO mice was due to an increased production of melatonin.

FIG. 3 shows a two-fold decrease in circulating melatonin level of bipedal C57Bl/6j OPN KO mice when compared to wild-type ones (C57Bl/6j, C57Bl/6j and FVB).

As indicated above, C57Bl/6j mice are melatonin deficient and may develop a scoliosis (S) in contrast to the FVB strain, which produces high melatonin levels. OPN-knockout mice do not develop a scoliosis (NS) even if they are in the same genomic background (C57Bl6/j), although melatonin is markedly decreased, suggesting that melatonin negatively regulates OPN expression and synthesis in vivo. Without being bound by this hypothesis, it is also suggested that in absence of OPN in genetically modified mice, the melatonin level will be further decreased accordingly as an adaptive physiological response to enhance OPN expression and synthesis.

Example 5 Effect of OPN Inhibitors on Scoliosis Prevention

Two compounds suspected of having an effect on OPN transcription or synthesis were injected intraperitoneally at a dosage of 500 μg/kg of body weight/day to chicken 24-48 h prior pinealectomy.

As is apparent in FIG. 4, fewer pinealectomized chicken pre-treated with the drugs developed scoliosis (a reduction of 50%) than untreated pinealectomized chickens.

Example 6 Comparing the Level of Circulating OPN in AIS Patients Classified in Two Groups and Healthy Controls

A group of 252 patients with AIS and 35 healthy control subjects were tested as described in Example 1 above. Patients with AIS were divided into two subgroups according to their spinal curve severity (10°-44° vs. ≧45°) In the most severely affected AIS subgroup, none of the patients had corrective surgery at the time of the tests. Consistent with literature reporting increased AIS prevalence in teenage girls when compared to boys for moderate curves (ratio 10:1 for curve with a Cobb's angle ≧30°), a greater proportion of girls in the AIS groups (86% and 84% in the 10°-44° and ≧45° subgroups, respectively were observed compared to the control groups (54% and 64% in healthy and at risk control groups, respectively, p≦0.0001 when comparing the control groups). There was no significant gender difference between the two AIS subgroups (p=0.76) or between the two control groups (p=0.32). Mean age was significantly higher in AIS patients with Cobb's angle ≧45° compared to those with 10-44° angle (15.2±1.8 vs. 13.8±2.1, p<0.0001). Both AIS groups had higher mean age compared to control groups (10.7±0.6 for the healthy and 9.9±3.4 for the at risk group, p<0.0001 when comparing to either AIS group).

The plasma OPN levels in patients with AIS exhibiting a severe deformity (Cobb's angle ≧45°), low to moderate curve (Cobb's angle between 10° and 44°) and healthy controls are summarized in Table 4 below according to various clinical parameters. The mean plasma OPN levels were significantly higher in both AIS groups when compared to healthy control group although plasma OPN levels were more elevated in patients with the most severe deformities (Cobb's angle ≧45°) (Bonferroni-corrected p<0.001 after adjustment for age, gender, and age-gender interaction). Plasma OPN levels in AIS patients were correlated with the severity of curve deformity (FIG. 5D) in girls and boys (Partial Pearson correlation coefficient adjusted for age=0.29, p<0.001, and 0.33, p=0.04, respectively). Mean plasma OPN levels in the group at risk of developing scoliosis (846±402 ng/ml) differed significantly (Bonferroni-corrected p<0.001) from the healthy controls (570±156 ng/ml).

TABLE 4 Mean biochemical values of patients with AIS, healthy control subjects and asymptomatic at risk control subjects*. Female Male Female + Male Mean Mean Mean biomarker biomarker biomarker Subject Type N level (ng/ml) Range N level (ng/ml) Range N level (ng/ml) Range P-value† OPN Healthy controls 19 580 ± 150 318-882  16  558 ± 168 308-856  35 570 ± 156 308-882  — At risk control 45 829 ± 419 208-1834 25  877 ± 378 391-1629 70 846 ± 402 208-1834 <0.001 AIS < 45° 162 774 ± 268 373-1585 27  948 ± 335 445-1668 189 799 ± 284 373-1668 <0.001 AIS ≧ 45° 53 913 ± 398 201-1821 10 1238 ± 409 575-1872 63 965 ± 414 201-1872 <0.001 sCD44 Healthy controls 19 522 ± 99  373-829  16 575 ± 92 404-800  35 546 ± 98  373-829  — At risk controls 45 508 ± 96  316-760  25 533 ± 98 304-510  70 517 ± 97  304-760  >0.5 AIS < 45° 162 503 ± 161 194-1253 27  527 ± 110 364-793  189 506 ± 155 194-1253 >0.5 AIS ≧ 45° 53 436 ± 251 87-882 10  402 ± 216 147-962  63 431 ± 245 87-962 0.066 HA Healthy control 19 128 ± 38  72-236 16 132 ± 49 80-255 35 130 ± 43  72-255 — At risk controls 45 119 ± 51  36-257 25 117 ± 52 33-226 70 118 ± 51  33-257 >0.5 AIS < 45° 162 112 ± 60  18-356 27 124 ± 60 27-283 189 114 ± 60  18-356 >0.5 AIS ≧ 45° 53 93 ± 40 32-222 10 128 ± 71  41-25435 63 98 ± 48 32-254 0.140 *SD is standard deviation †P-value is from the comparison with healthy control group in all subjects after Bonferroni correction and adjustment for age, gender, and age-gender interaction (OPN and HA) or age (sCD44). After the same adjustments, overall F test p-values for association between group and biomarker levels were < 0.001 (OPN), 0.035 (sCD44), and 0.163 (HA).

Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves analyzes of plasma OPN comparing the patients with AIS more severely affected (Cobb's angle ≧45°) with healthy controls showed an AUC of 0.94 with a standard error of 0.03 (95 percent confidence interval 0.88 to 0.99) (see FIG. 5A). A cut-off value >700 nanograms per milliliter gave a sensitivity of 90.6 percent and a specificity of 81.8 percent with (see FIG. 5B). A cut-off value >800 nanograms per milliliter had the highest accuracy with a sensitivity of 84.4 percent and specificity of 90.6 percent for confirming scoliosis (minimal false negative and false positive results) (see FIG. 5C).

Although as indicated above, high levels of OPN are found in other adult diseases, high plasma OPN levels found in patients with scoliosis are unique in the pediatric population. The detection of OPN level can thus be used to identify within asymptomatic children those who are at risk of developing a scoliosis (AIS or other spinal disorders and disorders causing scoliosis) and identify among scoliotic subjects, those or are at risk of experiencing a progression of scoliosis. Moreover, plasma OPN levels found in AIS patients were often higher than those measured in adult diseases. OPN levels can also be used to predict the risk in adults (e.g. degenerative scoliosis and idiopathic scoliosis that progress through adulthood). Certain mutations have already been associated with other disorders that may lead to scoliosis. In a particular embodiment, the OPN levels could be used in combination with the detection of these mutations.

Example 7 Comparing the Level of Circulating OPN in Asymptomatic Children at Risk and Healthy Controls

A group of 70 asymptomatic children at risk of developing a scoliosis and 35 healthy control subjects were tested as described in Example 1 above. The mean plasma OPN levels in the group at risk of developing a scoliosis (846.30±402 nanograms per milliliter) differed significantly (p=0.001) from the healthy controls (570±156 nanograms per milliliter) and both groups were age- and gender-matched. No significant gender difference was observed (see Table 4 above).

Using a cut-off value of 800 nanograms per milliliter, it was observed that 47.9 percent of asymptomatic children in that group were above this plasma OPN value while only 8.6 percent of healthy controls were above this value. These results are in agreement with previous reports showing that the offspring of at least one affected parent develops more often a scoliosis than ones born from unaffected parents (34, 35).

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or RIA for OPN for instance can thus be used for early identification of subjects at risk of developing a scoliosis for purposes of prognosis and/or scoliotic patients stratification for early bracing and less-invasive surgeries with novel fusionless devices, for pharmacological treatments and to monitor responses to treatment in patients with AIS.

Example 8 Comparing the Level of Circulating sCD44 in AIS Patients Classified Two Groups and Healthy Controls

Experiments were conducted as described in Example 1 above. The plasma sCD44 and HA levels in healthy controls, both AIS groups and asymptomatic at risk children are displayed in Table 4 above. Comparison among all groups showed no significant change in mean plasma sCD44 and HA values. However, AIS patients exhibiting the most severe spinal deformities (≧45°) had also the lowest mean plasma sCD44 level when compared to the other three groups (p=0.066).

CD44 and sCD44 can act as a receptor and decoy receptor for OPN respectively. In spite that no significant changes were measured among all groups tested, the most severely affected AIS patients (≧45°) showed the lowest mean sCD44 value among all groups tested. Interestingly, decreased plasma sCD44 levels were found in immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases⁽³⁵⁻³⁷⁾, but none of these conditions normally lead to scoliosis in absence of high plasma OPN levels, suggesting that sCD44 could play a role in AIS as disease-modifying factor by interfering with the action of OPN (see FIG. 17).

Example 9 Profiles of Change in OPN Levels, sCD44 Levels, and Cobb's Angle of AIS Patients Over Time

The progression of biomarkers (OPN and sCD44 levels) and Cobb's angle was measured over follow up time in AIS patients. FIG. 7 presents these progression in 4 selected AIS female patients (not under brace treatment) aged 12 (red), 14 (green and blue), and 17 (yellow) at baseline visit.

FIG. 8 presents the distribution of total change in OPN (left panel) and sCD44 (right panel) levels over follow-up time in AIS patients with worsened curve deformity (total increase in Cobb's angle greater than 3°) and in those without significant change in curve (no change in Cobb's angle, decrease, or increase smaller than 3°; also presents for all Average change in OPN levels was significantly higher in the group with worsened curve deformity (Wilcoxon rank sum test p<0.01). No significant difference was detected for sCD44 (p>0.5). Length of follow-up time was similar between the 2 groups (p>0.5).

FIG. 9 shows OPN progression correlated with Cobb's angle progression in a group of AIS patients while FIG. 10 shows OPN regression or stabilization correlated with Cobb's angle regression or stabilization in other AIS patients;

OPN level can be used to identify among pre-diagnosed patients those in which scoliosis will progress.

Example 10 Profiles of Change in OPN Levels, sCD44 Levels, and Cobb's Angle of Asymptomatic at Risk Patients Over Time

FIG. 11 shows profiles of change in OPN and sCD44 levels angle in 4 selected at risk subjects without scoliosis: one male aged 13 (green), and 3 female aged 5 (gold), 11 (blue), and 9 (red) at baseline visit. Significant inter-subject variability was observed in the baseline levels of biomarkers and change over time among at risk subjects (especially for OPN), indicating the potential of using this biomarker as a tool to monitor onset of scoliosis in at risk subjects.

Tables 5 to 8 below present the clinical and biochemical profiles in detail for each of the healthy control subjects (Table 5), of the AIS patients with Cobb's angles of less than 45 degrees (Table 6), of the AIS patients with Cobb's angles 45° or more (Table 7), and of the asymptomatic at risk children (Table 8).

TABLE 5 Clinical and biochemical profile of healthy control subjects. Date of Collection Time point [OPN] [sCD44] [HA] Random Birth Gender Age Date (months) (ng/ml) (ng/ml) (ng/ml) 1 1996 Mar. 21 M 11.2 2007 May 22 T0  663.92 ± 26.03 533.4 164.87 ± 6.05  2 1996 Jun. 26 M 10.9 2007 May 22 T0  418.23 ± 12.49 504.38 120.49 ± 2.06  11.6 2008 Jan. 16 T8  593.64 ± 28.77 555.88 150.02 ± 15.74 3 1996 May 28 F 11.0 2007 May 22 T0 629.52 ± 0.64 829.35 140.89 ± 3.90  11.7 2008 Jan. 16 T8 892.76 ± 1.54 507.54 146.71 ± 24.69 4 1996 Jun. 22 M 10.9 2007 May 22 T0  458.68 ± 11.40 799.57 100.98 ± 6.89  5 1996 Oct. 13 F 10.6 2007 May 22 T0 459.33 ± 2.90 525.76 139.84 ± 2.89  11.3 2008 Jan. 16 T8 464.48 ± 2.29 476.43 157.36 ± 20.10 7 1998 Aug. 8 F 10.8 2007 May 22 T0 691.18 ± 2.50 664.38 120.69 ± 2.79  11.5 2008 Jan. 16 T8 825.38 ± 1.16 545.85 180.39 ± 42.55 8 1996 Feb. 1 M 11.3 2007 May 22 T0 498.86 ± 0.66 643.38 99.24 ± 2.35 12.0 2008 Jan. 16 T8  469.87 ± 11.47 440.44 154.20 ± 2.53  9 1997 Jun. 28 M 9.9 2007 May 22 T0  517.11 ± 53.44 582.66 134.43 ± 6.42  10 1997 Jul. 23 F 9.8 2007 May 22 T0  756.24 ± 23.61 499.03 131.04 ± 1.98  10.5 2008 Jan. 16 T8 1039.80 ± 3.10  337.33 167.84 ± 2.48  11 1996 Feb. 22 M 11.3 2007 Jun. 6 T0  653.09 ± 15.14 581.14 191.13 ± 17.98 11.8 2007 Dec. 4 T6 521.00 ± 5.82 861.46 265.54 ± 6.97  12 1996 Feb. 9 F 11.3 2007 Jun. 6 T0  449.97 ± 11.21 490.25 112.71 ± 17.95 11.8 2007 Dec. 4 T6 923.12 ± 1.03 476.09 188.80 ± 15.17 13 1996 May 17 F 11.1 2007 Jun. 6 T0 488.30 ± 0.80 428.77 168.61 ± 9.49  11.6 2007 Dec. 4 T6 659.35 ± 1.68 584.96 182.09 ± 13.74 14 1995 Oct. 20 M 11.6 2007 Jun. 6 T0 610.77 ± 8.93 573.88 128.40 ± 6.58  12.1 2007 Dec. 4 T6  469.87 ± 19.12 527.07 167.16 ± 44.48 16 1997 Mar. 7 F 10.2 2007 Jun. 6 T0 544.82 ± 7.91 516.6 132.83 ± 2.07  10.7 2007 Dec. 4 T6 723.88 ± 8.56 503.74 65.43 ± 9.60 17 1996 May 9 M 11.1 2007 Jun. 6 T0 450.87 ± 6.41 553.26 255.19 ± 14.61 11.6 2007 Dec. 4 T6  530.37 ± 16.78 267.86 42.33 ± 7.47 18 1997 Sep. 2 F 9.8 2007 Jun. 6 T0  555.41 ± 32.17 498.65 127.24 ± 10.65 19 1996 Nov. 4 M 10.6 2007 Jun. 6 T0 314.85 ± 9.93 682.71 175.92 ± 16.20 20 1997 May 30 F 10.0 2007 Jun. 6 T0 381.57 ± 4.61 373.01 87.65 ± 3.71 10.5 2007 Dec. 4 T6 434.48 ± 5.73 497.7 142.61 ± 8.42  21 1997 Jan. 7 F 10.4 2007 Jun. 6 T0 318.19 ± 6.62 474.59 235.76 ± 3.68  10.9 2007 Dec. 4 T6 393.98 ± 3.87 571.14 209.26 ± 2.40  22 1997 Feb. 9 F 10.3 2007 Aug. 6 T0  882.15 ± 18.31 542.95 131.86 ± 1.13  10.8 2007 Dec. 4 T6 804.46 593.61 120.43 ± 14.60 23 1997 Mar. 2 M 10.3 2007 Jun. 6 T0 307.71 ± 4.88 621.23 157.12 ± 2.29  24 1997 Jun. 19 F 10.0 2007 Jun. 6 T0  423.06 ± 13.90 561.28 149.88 ± 5.65  25 1997 Apr. 12 F 10.1 2007 Jun. 6 T0 758.88 ± 5.74 478.79 169.32 ± 8.25  26 1997 Dec. 2 M 9.5 2007 Jun. 6 T0 441.36 ± 8.32 645.84 148.32 ± 16.36 27 1996 Apr. 3 F 11.2 2007 Jun. 6 T0 794.21 ± 5.50 545.62 77.58 ± 8.87 11.7 2007 Dec. 4 T6 748.79 ± 7.61 575.46 228.08 ± 27.64 28 1995 Sep. 30 F 11.7 2007 Jun. 12 T0 503.25 ± 8.16 451.68 71.91 ± 4.23 29 19964 Sep. 15 M 10.7 2007 Jun. 12 T0 576.62 ± 5.29 554.79 80.24 ± 3.69 11.2 2007 Dec. 4 T6 552.15 598.79 108.09 ± 16.44 30 1996 Jan. 18 F 11.4 2007 Jun. 12 T0 578.62 ± 0.24 634.22 126.21 ± 4.18  11.9 2007 Dec. 4 T6 498.67 ± 8.60 606.57 192.18 ± 31.90 31 1996 Aug. 24 F 10.8 2007 Jun. 12 T0 531.91 ± 4.36 432.2 132.19 ± 5.06  11.3 2007 Dec. 4 T6 455.46 ± 4.85 660.14 244.46 ± 3.49  32 1997 Apr. 19 F 10.1 2007 Jun. 12 T0 611.32 ± 6.46 481.47 92.69 ± 2.87 10.6 2007 Dec. 4 T6  406.38 ± 19.28 415.61 142.80 ± 25.25 33 1997 Apr. 21 M 10.1 2007 Jun. 12 T0 543.15 ± 7.32 403.56 91.82 ± 4.49 10.6 2007 Dec. 4 T6 360.77 ± 9.93 544.36  81.68 ± 23.85 34 1995 Nov. 15 M 11.6 2007 Jun. 12 T0 856.07 ± 3.82 501.71  96.3 ± 4.15 12.1 2007 Dec. 4 T6  922.12 ± 20.68 535.71 56.34 ± 1.86 35 1996 Apr. 22 F 11.1 2007 Jun. 12 T0 659.81 ± 5.54 502.09 87.90 ± 4.85 11.6 T6  596.77 ± 10.14 378.46 242.42 ± 36.30 38 1995 Dec. 9 M 11.5 2007 Jun. 12 T0  818.84 ± 14.56 502.85 83.26 ± 0.12 37 1995 Oct. 7 M 11.7 2007 Jun. 12 T0  805.92 ± 14.01 511.63 80.24 ± 3.69 12.2 2007 Dec. 4 T6  304.61 ± 14.94 489.06 141.51 ± 21.50 * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. † Healthy control subjects have no family history of scoliosis and are examined before sample collection by an orthopaedic surgeon.

TABLE 6 Clinical and biochemical profiles of AIS patients with Cobb's angles less than 45°. Time point Cobb's Patient ID Date of Birth Gender Age Collection Date (mths) Angle Pre-op Curve Type Date of surgery Family history [OPN] (ng/ml) [sCD44] (ng/ml) [HA] (ng/ml) 102 1991 Sep. 12 F 13.8 2005 Jun. 10 T0 18 rT — Cousin 1265.10  375.56 132.06 ± 39.35 14.3 2006 Jan. 13 T7 16 rT 766.80 408.06 368.93 ± 23.42 15.8 2007 Jun. 1 T12 16 rT  933.77 ± 13.23 437.55 71.91 ± 4.23 16.2 2007 Nov. 30 T29 17 rT  591.72 ± 66.49 311.40 27.92 ± 1.72 103 1991 Sep. 4 M 13.8 2005 Jun. 10 T0 13 lT — Father (cyphose) 1338.32  792.62 207.12 104 1992 Jan. 29 F 13.4 2005 Jun. 10 T0 21-22 rTlL — — 1221.83  742.48 132.24 106 1992 Aug. 10 F 14.8 2007 Jun. 5 T0 25-24 rTlL — —  972.87 ± 16.73 488.72 86.78 ± 6.34 15.2 2007 Oct. 5 T4 22-18 rTlL  485.82 ± 34.70 475.13 293.05 ± 40.93 107 1991 Sep. 9 F 13.8 2005 Jun. 20 T0 31-32 rTlL — Mother 739.61 1253.3 109.39 ± 26.70 113 1995 Nov. 21 F 9.7 2005 Jul. 22 T0 10 rT — — 670.49 ± 5.45 695.21 41.10 ± 8.51 11.5 2007 May 18 T22 15 rT  688.49 ± 23.78 613.79 49.16 ± 9.14 118 1991 Jun. 4 F 16.6 2008 Jan. 18 T0 22-22 rTlTL — Both parents  372.79 ± 10.86 273.31 70.42 ± 4.85 123 1993 Sep. 23 F 12.1 2005 Nov. 4 T0 28 rTL — Both parents 1466.97  931.05 128.78 ± 4.22  14.3 2008 Jan. 18 T26 19-31 lTrTL  779.90 ± 16.68 410.10 179.52 ± 21.17 124 1990 Dec. 9 F 14.9 2005 Nov. 4 T0 33-32 rTlTL — Cousins 625.97 816.60  96.08 127 1992 Jan. 18 F 13.9 2005 Dec. 2 T0 33-19 rTrT — — 786.71 755.60 131.36 ± 22.43 128 1997 Mar. 18 F 8.8 2005 Dec. 2 T0 10 lTL — — 837.64 628.74 118.73 ± 10.43 130 1991 Jun. 5 F 14.5 2005 Dec. 9 T0 19 rTL — — 559.85 552.78 75.09 ± 7.11 131 1992 Nov. 9 F 13.1 2005 Dec. 9 T0 32-24 rTlL — — 568.01 578.96 101.00 ± 11.04 15.0 2007 Nov. 12 T23 32-24 rTlL 450.45 ± 9.36 505.94 100.03 ± 9.68  136 1969 Oct. 10 F 16.3 2006 Jan. 13 T0 14 lTL — — 411.02 670.31 84.81 ± 2.56 138 1993 Jun. 4 F 12.7 2008 Feb. 17 T0 24-26 rTlL — Cousin 577.78 293.51 63.86 ± 4.11 14.3 2007 Oct. 24 T20 22-25 rTlL  379.04 ± 18.07 388.16  86.23 ± 11.26 14.7 2008 Feb. 4 T24 23-26 rTlTL 529.70 ± 4.86 378.03 227.26 ± 0.94  139 1993 Dec. 6 F 12.2 2006 Feb. 24 T0 12.-14  rTlL — — 847.98 868.95 136.19 ± 7.83  14.2 2008 Feb. 8 T24 12.-6  rTlL 1192.61 ± 10.71 444.33  73.88 ± 19.39 141 1992 Jul. 20 F 13.7 2006 Mar. 10 T0 20-18 rTlL — Grand-mother, 658.28 735.50  90.51 15.5 2008 Jan. 22 T22  9.-13 rTlTL cousins, uncle 172.67 ± 8.59 433.6 37.31 ± 7.61 142 1992 Dec. 19 F 13.2 2006 Mar. 10 T0 31 lTL — Mother, cousin 776.43 907.96 122.73 ± 7.61  15.1 2008 Jan. 23 T22 25 lTL 542.85 ± 1.41 511.4 146.43 ± 63.23 146 1990 May 13 F 16.0 2006 May 26 T0 32-22 rTlL — — 1501.42  475.91  75.68 ± 10.22 148 1993 Aug. 12 F 14.3 2007 Dec. 7 T0 11 lTL — Mother 1416.91 ± 41.50 550.4 37.79 ± 6.19 149 1988 Sep. 28 M 17.7 2006 Jun. 2 T0 31-26 rTlL — — 472.61 559.97 138.95 ± 7.42  150 1992 Oct. 16 F 13.6 2006 Jun. 2 T0 25 rT — Sister 805.88 543.22 71.24 ± 1.52 151 1993 Apr. 11 F 14.7 2007 Dec. 3 T0 28-20 rTlL — — 732.19 ± 2.30 403.51 20.80 ± 3.30 152 1990 Oct. 4 F 15.7 2006 Jun. 2 T0 34 lL — Father 655.10 551.24 122.69 ± 0.10  154 1989 Nov. 24 F 16.6 2006 Jun. 8 T0 40 lTL — Cousin 541.07 639.52 104.09 ± 13.96 18.1 2007 Dec. 7 T18 38 lTL 1101.07 ± 38.84 342.17 35.08 ± 5.40 155 1991 Jan. 1 F 15.4 2006 Jun. 8 T0 26 lTL — Aunt 738.59 796.06 121.33 ± 17.72 159 1998 Mar. 4 F 9.7 2007 Nov. 6 T0  3 lTL — Mother  769.50 ± 21.57 831.18 107.5 ± 1.08 161 1994 Apr. 27 F 13.6 2007 Nov. 30 T0 15 lTL — —  487.11 ± 29.43 355.79 23.63 ± 0.53 165 1995 Aug. 30 F 12.3 2007 Dec. 3 T0 34-20 rTlL — — 1148.04 ± 47.51 607.43 42.39 ± 7.68 168 1992 Apr. 24 F 14.2 2006 Jun. 26 T0 16-18 rTlL — —  810.21 ± 28.48 244.4 103.10 ± 10.39 14.6 2006 Nov. 21 T5 17-16 rTlL  582.52 ± 23.29 338.03  99.20 ± 18.18 15.5 2007 Oct. 1 T16 14-16 rTlTL 441.81 ± 7.29 333.4 126.96 ± 1.45  176 1992 Oct. 24 F 13.8 2006 Jul. 3 T0 29 rT — —  503.88 ± 35.81 331.65  91.50 ± 21.99 14.2 2007 Jan. 15 T6 27 rT  675.38 ± 44.20 305.92 193.26 ± 2.38  183 1991 Sep. 13 M 14.8 2006 May 7 T0 17 rL — —  733.99 ± 17.33 550.24  72.91 ± 10.68 15.4 2007 Jun. 2 T13  7.-19 rTlL 781.03 ± 3.27 531.96 69.83 ± 7.07 200 1992 Jul. 29 M 15.2 2007 Oct. 30 T0 23-24 rTlL — — 972.10 ± 4.92 401.94  88.41 ± 10.08 201 1992 Nov. 27 F 13.7 2008 Jul. 12 T0  10-17. rTlL — Sister 782.77 ± 2.63 498.93 142.57 ± 44.69 225 1994 May 9 F 12.2 2006 Jul. 24 T0 15-19 lTrTL — — 406.67 ± 3.40 617.37 248.10 ± 24.21 12.8 2007 Feb. 27 T7 13-18 lTrL  651.89 ± 21.69 524.9 47.95 ± 3.60 234 1990 Jul. 16 M 16.2 2006 Oct. 13 T0 26 rT — — 840.88 ± 1.98 491.26 89.04 ± 5.66 235 1991 Oct. 29 M 15 2006 Oct. 13 T0 20 lTL — — 586.25 ± 0.32 403.8 181.655 ± 48.71  16 2007 Oct. 11 T12 18 lTL 523.39 ± 9.76 428.29 188.63 ± 6.83  240 1993 Oct. 4 F 13.2 2006 Dec. 11 T0 17-23 rTlL — Mother, brother, 525.88 ± 7.74 428.83 71.91 ± 4.23 cousin 242 1989 Sep. 12 F 17.3 2007 Jan. 12 T0  6 lTL — Sister 590.13 ± 6.00 435.59 80.24 ± 3.69 244 1990 Oct. 20 F 16.2 2007 Jan. 19 T0 27-29 rTlL — — 735.26 ± 4.42 510.44 73.81 ± 6.20 17.3 2008 Feb. 13 T13 NA NA 1293.68 ± 36.92 449.1 44.51 ± 4.81 245 1992 Jan. 27 F 15.0 2007 Jan. 22 T0 31-35 rTlL — — 496.26 ± 3.54 333.97 70.41 ± 0.88 15.8 2007 Nov. 14 T10 28-35 rTlL 363.60 ± 2.97 562.52 54.98 ± 5.08 247 1994 Dec. 18 F 12.1 2007 Jan. 26 T0  9 rTL — Mother, sister 1148.31 ± 2.17  371.29 164.68 ± 23.99 12.8 2007 Oct. 9 T9  6 rTL  806.91 ± 16.69 393.27 141.16 ± 2.62  248 1997 Jun. 16 F 9.6 2007 Jan. 26 T0  9 rL — Mother, sister 1010.38 ± 5.14  443.83 142.95 ± 4.69  10.3 2007 Oct. 9 T9  3 lTL  841.24 ± 18.47 490.2 158.10 ± 33.95 249 1991 Mar. 25 F 15.9 2007 Feb. 2 T0 31 lTL — — 534.09 ± 7.74 459.52 74.98 ± 0.08 16.4 2007 Aug. 3 T6 NA lTL  340.44 ± 12.89 499.97 132.91 ± 37.20 16.9 2008 Feb. 1 T12 36 lTL 579.65 ± 8.62 413.67  98.93 ± 19.98 250 1992 May 8 F 14.7 2007 Feb. 2 T0 32 lTL — Uncle 688.35 ± 9.46 587.17 74.40 ± 3.75 15.4 2007 Oct. 15 T8 21  612.19 ± 22.36 540.29 150.73 251 1991 Sep. 5 F 15.4 2007 Feb. 2 T0 40-30 rTlL — — 1146.66 ± 7.34  437.25 80.50 ± 5.24 253 1992 Oct. 18 M 14.3 2007 Feb. 27 T0 31 rT — — 634.83 ± 0.90 486.03 184.50 ± 20.76 254 1991 Dec. 11 F 15.2 2007 Mar. 9 T0 28 lTL — — 701.23 ± 1.92 362.22 72.85 ± 2.66 15.9 2007 Nov. 12 T8 15 lTL  548.26 ± 25.55 538.63 83.17 ± 0.07 256 1996 Mar. 19 F 11.0 2007 Mar. 9 T0 11 lTL — — 575.73 ± 5.49 530.67 97.73 ± 3.00 257 1995 Apr. 15 F 11.9 2007 Mar. 9 T0  6 rTL — Mother 995.77 ± 8.22 468.59 94.49 ± 8.02 12.5 2007 Oct. 16 T7 NA NA  879.54 ± 20.53 421.24 102.11 ± 5.69  258 1990 Jun. 24 M 16.8 2007 Mar. 9 T0 14 rT — — 876.44 ± 9.21 564.15 89.36 ± 4.66 17.3 2007 Oct. 2 T8 NA NA 520.58 ± 8.52 483.28 175.81 ± 53.68 259 1994 Jul. 7 F 12.7 2007 Mar. 16 T0  8 lTL — — 1095.11 ± 7.88  397.45 85.33 ± 4.07 13.5 2007 Oct. 15 T7 11 lTL 1050.58 ± 5.08  466.58 139.86 ± 15.48 260 1994 Jul. 7 M 12.7 2007 Mar. 16 T0  6 rTL — — 1084.13 ± 1.82  480.1 127.84 ± 8.13  13.5 2007 Oct. 5 T7  4 lTL  494.25 ± 22.05 401.01 188.45 ± 31.29 261 1997 Jun. 19 F 9.7 2007 Mar. 16 T0 21 lL — —  745.79 ± 22.70 568.33 122.95 ± 2.89  10.3 2007 Oct. 17 T7 10 lTL 1150.38 ± 5.64  506.72 206.45 ± 14.75 10.4 2008 Feb. 6 T11  5 lTL  852.44 ± 31.69 432.45 142.48 ± 27.89 263 1994 Oct. 13 F 12.4 2007 Mar. 20 T0  7.-12 rTlL — — 989.52 ± 4.54 617.16 74.05 ± 5.38 264 1992 May 24 F 14.8 2007 Mar. 20 T0 23-30 rTlL — Uncle 579.22 ± 9.53 580.38 100.39 ± 2.76  265 1993 May 4 F 13.9 2007 Mar. 20 T0 23 lL — — 696.52 ± 8.57 491.96 105.88 ± 7.86  14.5 2007 Nov. 13 T8  11-14. rTlL 848.34 ± 8.38 531.14 106.80 ± 1.16  266 1991 Jan. 25 F 16.2 2007 Apr. 2 T0 34 rTL — — 728.63 ± 5.47 462.66 78.08 ± 1.06 16.8 2007 Nov. 15 T7 34 rTL 392.63 ± 9.28 349.34 73.67 ± 3.30 267 1994 May 14 F 12.9 2007 Apr. 2 T0  5 rTL — — 809.78 ± 2.39 579.14 70.57 ± 2.92 13.5 2007 Nov. 15 T7  5 rTL  925.13 ± 23.50 827.31 59.18 ± 8.22 268 1994 Aug. 17 F 12.6 2007 Apr. 4 T0 12.-4  rTlL — Mother  750.67 ± 17.49 385.93 107.96 ± 12.28 271 1994 Nov. 17 F 12.4 2007 Apr. 13 T0 23 rTL — —  925.40 ± 10.01 482.89  87.43 ± 12.34 12.9 2007 Oct. 15 T6 24 rTL 1087.79 ± 22.62 423.61 186.49 ± 10.22 272 1994 Apr. 14 F 13.0 2007 Apr. 13 T0 22-24 rTlL — Aunt  634.87 ± 15.77 531.54 86.12 ± 1.03 13.6 2007 Dec. 5 T8 14-15 rTlL  515.84 ± 13.88 594.47 30.80 ± 7.99 273 1991 Jun. 30 F 15.8 2007 Apr. 13 T0 25 rTL — — 455.86 ± 7.52 548.8  91.21 ± 10.34 274 1990 Feb. 28 F 17.1 2007 Apr. 17 T0 11.-22  rTlL — —  856.81 ± 23.09 461.61 103.50 ± 8.99  275 1996 Apr. 8 F 11.0 2007 Apr. 19 T0 27-1.  rTlL — — 943.57 ± 8.27 469.65 66.73 ± 5.64 11.5 2007 Oct. 15 T6 26-19 rTlTL 339.71 ± 8.66 513.42 159.78 ± 30.24 276 1994 Sep. 26 F 13.1 2007 Oct. 15 T0 19-19 rTlL — —  430.84 ± 16.02 431.09 234.52 ± 26.95 277 1994 Nov. 2 F 12.4 2007 Apr. 19 T0 12 lL — — 724.67 ± 0.64 394.65 96.43 ± 0.04 13.0 2007 Nov. 14 T7 15-13 rTlL  634.03 ± 28.77 659.6 127.07 ± 4.00  278 1992 Jun. 8 M 14.9 2007 May 4 T0 22.14 rTlL — Mother 1045.58 ± 1.10  364.31 106.88 ± 8.57  15.3 2007 Oct. 23 T5 26-28 rTlL 1118.55 ± 3.48  457.48 234.68 ± 24.37 279 1998 Sep. 22 F 8.7 2007 May 30 T0 19 rT — —  978.20 ± 17.94 442.08 85.62 ± 0.14 9.2 2007 Oct. 5 T5  8 rT  851.57 ± 67.60 573.28  64.64 280 1992 Dec. 18 F 14.4 2007 May 30 T0 19 rT — Grand-parents 839.91 ± 4.88 415.23 82.19 ± 6.30 14.9 2007 Nov. 2 T6 24 rTL  930.08 ± 11.55 468.35 63.88 ± 1.83 281 1994 Oct. 17 F 12.6 2007 Jun. 1 T0 11 rT — — 991.09 ± 2.95 522.65 151.89 ± 1.15  13.1 2007 Nov. 9 T5  9 lTL  655.22 ± 54.74 505.44 112.65 ± 14.80 282 1997 Sep. 30 F 9.7 2007 Jun. 13 T0 20 rT — —  732.03 ± 19.20 547.53 138.06 ± 12.04 10.3 2008 Jan. 30 T7 NA NA 1196.46 ± 21.91 487.63 129.70 ± 7.80  286 1994 Jun. 1 F 13.3 2007 Sep. 17 T0 28 lTL — — 499.69 ± 1.97 400.19 130.85 ± 3.82  287 1991 Nov. 15 F 15.8 2007 Sep. 18 T0 11 rTL — — 602.68 ± 0.65 418.92 190.43 288 1996 May 13 M 11.3 2007 Sep. 18 T0 20 lL — — 927.74 ± 4.10 533.37  55.21 ± 10.16 289 1992 Oct. 23 F 14.9 2007 Sep. 18 T0 18 rT — — 509.91 ± 5.91 362.72  81.33 ± 11.16 290 1993 Oct. 2 F 14.0 2007 Sep. 18 T0 22 rTL — Aunts  498.69 ± 46.68 507.71 127.53 ± 8.29  291 1992 Jul. 10 F 20.9 2007 Sep. 18 T0 25-31 rTlL — — 637.03 ± 7.11 467.8 154.54 ± 1.72  292 1994 Jan. 23 F 13.7 2007 Sep. 21 T0 20 lTL — Grand-mother  691.71 ± 37.30 581.43 76.54 ± 1.66 293 1993 Apr. 3 F 14.5 2007 Sep. 21 T0 16 rT — — 494.81 ± 7.56 359.48 166.11 295 1991 Aug. 9 M 16.1 2007 Sep. 26 T0 11.-8  rTlL — —  838.72 ± 39.67 405.48 159.20 ± 22.89 296 1992 Apr. 4 F 15.5 2007 Sep. 28 T0 15-18 lTrL — —  761.74 ± 25.61 494.27 237.77 297 1997 Jul. 13 M 10.2 2007 Sep. 28 T0 20 lT — Uncle 768.08 ± 6.70 515.45 100.00 ± 9.41  298 1994 Nov. 9 F 12.9 2007 Sep. 28 T0 18-21 rTlL — —  750.91 ± 16.94 348.87 290.06 ± 38.15 299 1990 Mar. 21 F 17.5 2007 Oct. 3 T0 33-43 rTlL — — 625.36 ± 6.80 306.11 135.94 ± 1.36  301 1995 Feb. 6 F 12.7 2007 Oct. 9 T0 13 lT — Grand-mother  948.83 ± 11.23 578.58 150.57 ± 4.40  302 1993 May 7 F 14.4 2007 Oct. 9 T0 14.-12  rTlL — — 873.77 ± 2.17 373.31 230.66 ± 10.50 303 1991 Mar. 29 F 16.5 2007 Oct. 15 T0 14 lTL — —  767.96 ± 29.04 458.27 192.45 ± 10.19 304 1991 Oct. 25 F 16.0 2007 Oct. 16 T0 25 lT — Brother, father, all  493.39 ± 34.21 446.06 185.69 ± 12.07 paternal family 305 1992 Feb. 24 F 15.7 2007 Oct. 19 T0 23 lTL — Mother  533.91 ± 18.09 364.52 123.23 ± 15.87 306 1994 Sep. 22 F 13.1 2007 Oct. 19 T0 13-18 rTlL — Mother 1016.54 ± 23.75 623.32 216.02 ± 19.04 307 1994 Jan. 25 M 13.7 2007 Oct. 24 T0 8-11-11. lTrTlL — — 1328.92 ± 1.50  569.35 165.08 ± 16.63 308 1997 May 22 F 10.4 2007 Oct. 26 T0  8 rTL Aunts 430.39 ± 5.44 519.72 133.63 ± 11.13 309 1996 Apr. 10 F 11.5 2007 Oct. 26 T0 10 lTL — Mother, cousins 536.77 ± 9.30 485.45 285.92 ± 25.08 311 1993 May 7 F 14.5 2007 Oct. 26 T0 17 lTL — —  493.18 ± 23.85 546.9 110.66 ± 9.59  313 1993 Jun. 4 F 14.4 2007 Oct. 26 T0 20-18 rTlL — Cousin 536.22 ± 4.65 379.49 99.52 ± 2.41 314 1993 Mar. 11 F 14.6 2007 Oct. 29 T0 24 rL — Mother  939.67 ± 37.16 549.66 78.11 ± 7.22 315 1993 Dec. 16 F 13.9 2007 Oct. 31 T0 14 lTL — — 537.59 ± 1.16 481.91 142.26 ± 23.98 316 1992 Oct. 7 M 15.1 2007 Oct. 31 T0 28 rT — — 636.17 ± 2.31 576.05 94.21 ± 5.42 318 1997 May 25 F 10.4 2007 Oct. 15 T0 11 rTL — Mother 1151.62 ± 33.64 634.57 112.13 ± 23.16 319 1993 Jun. 28 F 14.4 2007 Nov. 6 T0 22 lTL — Cousin  518.10 ± 27.77 667.02 79.46 ± 6.89 320 1993 Sep. 24 F 14.1 2007 Nov. 9 T0 15 rT — —  452.54 ± 10.01 765.38 134.09 ± 21.38 321 1992 Jul. 4 F 15.3 2007 Nov. 9 T0 16 rTL — —  470.02 ± 16.75 377.13 110.37 ± 12.77 322 1996 Jun. 1 F 11.4 2007 Nov. 9 T0  4 lTL — —  565.20 ± 48.73 492.94 95.12 ± 7.44 324 1991 Apr. 20 F 16.6 2007 Nov. 9 T0 19-19 rTlL — —  659.93 ± 14.39 562.52 98.61 ± 6.25 325 1994 Mar. 26 F 13.6 2007 Nov. 9 T0 21 rTL — Mother, 761.48 ± 3.82 846.66  89.91 ± 12.48 grand-parents 326 1994 Feb. 2 M 13.8 2007 Nov. 13 T0 13 lTL — — 1451.37 ± 77.12 617.35 240.72 ± 27.74 328 1994 Sep. 24 F 12.8 2007 Nov. 14 T0 11 lTL — —  580.55 ± 24.91 876.97 174.59 329 1996 May 29 F 11.5 2007 Nov. 14 T0  6 rTL — Mother  877.16 ± 27.08 953.41 289.12 ± 4.88  330 1994 Feb. 5 F 13.8 2007 Nov. 16 T0 12 lTL — — 1403.38 ± 20.98 465.43 279.56 332 1992 Jan. 26 M 15.8 2007 Nov. 23 T0 24 lTL — —  864.14 ± 43.84 699.27 175.34 ± 30.44 333 1993 Oct. 21 F 14.1 2007 Nov. 23 T0 30 lTL — Cousin 564.09 ± 7.37 762.16 143.10 ± 30.54 334 1993 Aug. 7 F 14.3 2007 Nov. 23 T0 29-27 rTL — —  896.91 ± 29.60 727.33 155.95 ± 38.28 335 1996 Jan. 16 F 11.9 2007 Nov. 23 T0 28-27 rTlL — — 1192.08 ± 14.98 839.56 162.32 ± 0.67  337 1991 Sep. 4 M 16.2 2007 Nov. 28 T0 24 lL — Sister  914.93 ± 10.71 788.28 114.15 ± 25.71 338 1994 Dec. 31 F 12.9 2007 Nov. 30 T0 10 lTL — Aunt 539.94 ± 1.35 301.42 38.44 ± 5.53 339 1992 Mar. 17 F 15.7 2007 Nov. 30 T0 25 lTL — Grand-father 747.48 ± 9.20 444.12 253.92 340 1995 May 21 F 12.5 2007 Nov. 30 T0 30 lTL — —  746.48 ± 45.11 498.56 259.46 341 1996 Feb. 11 F 11.8 2007 Nov. 30 T0 15-14 rTlL — Cousin  947.50 ± 31.38 662.73 75.40 ± 1.41 342 1993 Dec. 1 F 14.0 2007 Dec. 7 T0 16 rTL — —  993.33 ± 55.93 376.73 19.57 ± 5.63 343 1993 Jun. 29 M 14.4 2007 Dec. 7 T0 15 rTL — Grand-mother  996.61 ± 25.86 541.76 43.48 ± 2.96 344 1996 Mar. 26 F 11.7 2007 Dec. 7 T0 10 rTL — — 637.78 ± 7.73 702.48 26.94 ± 5.89 345 1993 Apr. 12 F 14.6 2007 Dec. 7 T0 30 lTL — Cousin  722.43 ± 18.56 429.44 31.74 ± 1.77 346 1996 Oct. 11 F 11.2 2007 Dec. 7 T0 18-17 rTlTL — —  576.26 ± 24.83 436.35 29.25 ± 2.56 347 1997 Apr. 7 F 10.7 2007 Dec. 11 T0  5-6. rTlL — Sister 1272.11 ± 18.19 425.98 41.20 ± 4.60 348 1995 Jun. 10 M 12.5 2007 Dec. 11 T0 10 rTL — Sister  776.87 ± 50.77 384.51 27.13 ± 1.84 350 1995 Feb. 22 F 12.8 2007 Dec. 13 T0 25 rTL — — 1020.59 ± 46.63 488.19 32.35 ± 2.16 351 1992 May 19 F 15.6 2007 Dec. 13 T0 14 rTL — Father  557.14 ± 25.67 475.23 20.16 ± 2.76 352 1996 Apr. 13 M 11.7 2007 Dec. 13 T0 14 rTL — Father 1339.62 ± 39.88 566.82  97.02 353 1993 Aug. 12 M 14.3 2007 Dec. 13 T0 24 rT — — 1569.33 ± 43.27 607.43 105.59 ± 95.83 354 1994 Jun. 7 F 13.5 2007 Dec. 13 T0  8 lT — — 608.88 ± 6.80 431.16  69.78 ± 40.24 355 1993 Aug. 8 F 14.3 2007 Dec. 13 T0 27 lTL — —  691.05 ± 37.53 378.46  24.41 ± 12.43 356 1995 May 17 F 12.6 2007 Dec. 13 T0 19 lTL — — 824.89 ± 1.39 467.45  43.63 358 1997 Feb. 27 F 10.9 2008 Jan. 11 T0 18 rTL — — 554.86 ± 8.43 387.21 116.04 ± 22.53 359 1995 Nov. 8 F 13.0 2008 Jan. 15 T0 14 rTL — — 709.63 ± 3.85 485.94 195.32 ± 34.14 360 1992 May 24 F 15.6 2008 Jan. 15 T0 14 lTL — Mother  466.35 ± 12.61 335.02 157.17 ± 7.22  361 1996 Jun. 29 F 11.5 2008 Jan. 15 T0 23 rTL — Aunt  899.31 ± 10.09 441.72 81.52 ± 1.47 362 1997 Aug. 21 F 10.4 2008 Jan. 16 T0 11 lTL — Grand-mother  471.73 ± 21.57 437.35 110.36 ± 7.42  363 1993 May 24 F 14.6 2008 Jan. 16 T0 20-24-19 lTrTlTL — Mother, grand-  743.10 ± 15.01 353.53 161.77 ± 25.40 mother, aunt 364 1995 Mar. 24 F 12.8 2008 Jan. 16 T0 10 lTL — Mother, grand-  767.06 ± 11.17 460.75 160.24 ± 26.97 mother, aunt 365 1999 Jul. 26 F 9.3 2008 Jan. 16 T0  5 rTL — Mother, grand- 883.48 ± 2.32 403.41 127.81 ± 23.58 mother, aunt 368 1996 Jul. 12 F 11.5 2008 Jan. 18 T0 14 rTL — — 1206.06 ± 43.70 415.24 136.62 ± 28.94 369 1992 May 21 F 15.7 2008 Jan. 18 T0 25 rTL — —  454.71 ± 13.34 431.44 132.25 ± 19.69 370 1994 Dec. 1 F 13.1 2008 Jan. 18 T0 18-15 rTlL — —  855.36 ± 10.35 395.7 140.53 ± 2.77  371 1992 Feb. 4 F 16.0 2008 Jan. 18 T0 26-20 rTlTl — Aunt, cousin 740.05 ± 5.38 487.74 112.07 ± 3.13  372 1991 Jun. 21 F 16.6 2008 Jan. 21 T0 23-21 rTlL — —  436.58 ± 40.88 395.61 170.65 ± 13.44 374 1992 May 26 F 15.7 2008 Jan. 21 T0 25 lL — —  498.50 ± 28.07 401.4 77.69 ± 6.60 375 1992 Oct. 21 F 15.3 2008 Jan. 22 T0 31-55 rTlTL — — 475.88 ± 0.00 385.69 130.95 ± 3.80  376 1993 May 18 F 14.7 2008 Jan. 22 T0 16 rTL — —  554.83 ± 44.65 387.81 73.78 ± 0.15 377 1995 Jan. 31 F 13.0 2008 Jan. 22 T0 27 lTL — — 739.47 ± 8.03 384.16 79.40 ± 1.15 379 1996 Sep. 14 F 11.4 2008 Jan. 25 T0 5.-5  lTrTL — — 1404.12 ± 66.84 659.32 78.73 ± 2.62 381 1992 Jan. 11 M 16.0 2008 Jan. 25 T0 24 rT — — 782.27 ± 1.42 505.65 283.01 ± 26.97 382 1993 Oct. 21 F 14.2 2008 Jan. 25 T0 28-25 rTlTL — — 998.95 ± 9.12 327.82  77.64 ± 12.98 383 1994 Nov. 20 F 13.2 2008 Jan. 25 T0 30-27 rTlTL — —  900.32 ± 24.08 401.79 83.98 ± 7.31 384 1992 Feb. 9 M 16.0 2008 Jan. 29 T0 25-19 rTlL — —  479.70 ± 36.72 444.82 134.93 ± 7.83  386 1994 Sep. 2 F 13.4 2008 Feb. 1 T0 25-14 lTrT — —  732.99 ± 28.62 637.86 129.78 ± 2.15  387 1994 Apr. 11 F 13.8 2008 Feb. 1 T0 14-15 rTlTL — Cousin  853.05 ± 70.97 373.81 146.21 ± 6.37  388 1995 Nov. 24 F 12.2 2008 Feb. 1 T0 34 rT — —  963.01 ± 40.86 485.02 66.49 ± 7.43 389 1997 Apr. 13 F 10.8 2008 Feb. 4 T0 14 lTL — Father  689.25 ± 35.56 435.9  67.38 ± 15.52 390 1994 Apr. 28 F 13.8 2008 Feb. 4 T0 28-26 rTlL — Father  930.28 ± 18.25 368.83 56.32 ± 0.12 391 1994 Jul. 1 F 13.6 2008 Feb. 5 T0 37 rTL — — 540.38 ± 9.17 501.81 49.99 ± 7.23 392 1998 Nov. 25 F 9.2 2008 Feb. 5 T0 16 rTL — Brother  661.55 ± 38.23 412.14  77.84 ± 23.22 393 1993 Sep. 30 M 14.3 2008 Feb. 5 T0 26 rTL — Brother 1235.01 ± 29.98 488.02 106.86 ± 17.43 395 1995 May 24 F 12.7 2008 Feb. 8 T0 11 rT — Mother  716.48 ± 30.93 496.45 82.74 ± 2.92 397 1999 Feb. 20 F 9.0 2008 Feb. 8 T0 10 rTL — Mother, 751.57 ± 2.34 543.59  85.71 ± 21.81 grand-mother 398 1997 Sep. 16 F 10.4 2008 Feb. 8 T0 16 rTL — Mother, 872.92 ± 8.46 526.34 98.45 ± 6.33 grand-mother 399 2000 Sep. 28 M 7.4 2008 Feb. 8 T0 22-20 rTlTL — —  444.55 ± 43.23 481.5  74.45 ± 10.16 400 1994 May 25 F 13.7 2008 Feb. 8 T0 12 rTL — Mother, aunt 1492.58 ± 30.46 477.59 135.22 ± 2.80  401 1994 Feb. 17 F 14.0 2008 Feb. 18 T0 28-21 rTlTL — —  691.24 ± 23.14 316.38 50.01 ± 1.95 402 1991 Jul. 15 F 16.6 2008 Feb. 14 T0 19-12 rTlL — — 423.93 ± 1.08 314.48 36.64 ± 2.04 403 1995 Feb. 21 F 13.0 2008 Feb. 14 T0 13-13 rTlTL — Sister  1216.81 ± 131.72 354.37  52.43 ± 15.76 1264 1997 Sep. 22 F 15.2 2005 Apr. 18 T0 40 rTL 2005 Apr. 18 — 616.12 578.96  65.92 1276 1997 Sep. 23 F 15.2 2005 May 16 T0 42 lT 2005 May 16 — 817.56 450.13 107.62 ± 12.96 1364 1997 Sep. 24 M 14.9 2006 Apr. 24 T0 44 lTL 2006 Apr. 24 Sister, aunt 1668.06  407.4 80.85 ± 6.90 1365 1990 May 11 F 15.9 2006 Apr. 26 T0 23-53 lTrL 2006 Apr. 26 — 947.35 642.66 63.18 ± 5.41 1366 1993 Apr. 6 F 13.1 2006 May 1 T0 36 NA 2006 May 1 — 1317.97  323.04  89.70 ± 20.57 1373 1991 Oct. 7 F 14.6 2006 May 17 T0 41-48 rTlL 2006 May 17 — 1584.54  583.14  80.12 ± 18.75 1380 1989 Oct. 9 F 16.7 2006 Jun. 26 T0 35 rL 2006 Jun. 26 — 1289.98  602.35 139.38 1384 1991 Jan. 17 F 15.5 2006 Jul. 3 T0 41 lTL 2006 Jul. 3 — 1502.51 ± 18.63 194.3 121.65 ± 44.94 15.8 2006 Nov. 15 T4 9-4 1258.85 ± 16.20 448.68 162.01 ± 11.64 1385 1990 Jun. 12 F 16.1 2006 Jul. 4 T0 42-23 rTlL 2006 Jul. 4 — 1098.75  523.52 102.35 1387 1991 Jul. 15 F 15.0 2006 Jul. 17 T0 29-37-35 rTlL 2006 Jul. 17 Mother 1017.47  689.52  78.42 1388 1991 Dec. 13 F 14.6 2006 Jul. 19 T0 38 rTL 2006 Jul. 19 — 1080.53  811.37  87.57 1409 1993 Feb. 11 F 13.6 2006 Sep. 26 T0 40 rT 2006 Sep. 26 —  499.41 ± 67.54 389.14 113.56 ± 15.03 1433 1992 Jul. 3 F 14.5 2007 Jan. 10 T0 44 rT 2007 Jan. 10 Uncle  459.61 ± 17.79 287.42 263.55 ± 34.89 1451 1995 Jan. 13 F 12.2 2007 Mar. 14 T0 42 rT 2007 Mar. 14 Grand-mother 1099.93 ± 48.11 290.5 158.45 ± 3.94  1478 1990 Aug. 6 F 16.8 2007 Jun. 11 T0 41 rTL 2007 Jun. 11 Father  619.94 ± 46.51 251.56 190.25 ± 18.46 1481 1990 Aug. 15 F 16.8 2007 Jun. 18 T0 40 rT 2007 Jun. 18 — 748.36 ± 9.30 250.14 95.34 ± 6.52 1483 1989 Jun. 26 F 18.0 2007 Jun. 19 T0 37-25 rTlL 2007 Jun. 19 —  489.30 ± 93.18 396.39 167.02 ± 28.62 1487 1990 May 30 F 17.1 2007 Jul. 3 T0 35-58-35 lCrTlL 2007 Jul. 3 Aunts  508.82 ± 50.08 281.48 17.75 ± 1.94 * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. ** All patients are diagnosed with AIS † Curve type nomenclature: r, right/l, left/T, Thoracic/L, Lumbar/TL, Thoracolumbar/C, Cervical. ‡ Certain clinical information may not have been available at the time of the study, NA.

TABLE 7 Clinical and biochemical profiles of AIS patients with Cobb's angles of 45° or more. Time point Cobb's Patient ID Date of Birth Gender Age Collection Date (months) Angle Pre-op Curve Type Date of Surgery Family History [OPN] (ng/ml) [sCD44] (ng/ml) [HA] (ng/ml) 101 1988 May 22 F 17.1 2005 Jun. 10 T0 47 rT — — 1047.64 728.42 221.97 ± 8.23  108 1989 Aug. 29 F 15.9 2005 Jul. 4 T0 45 lL — —  774.45 704.05  86.15 ± 12.73 17.2 2006 Nov. 21 T16 40 lL 414.67 ± 55.62 361.83 172.00 ± 3.68  135 1987 Dec. 31 F 18.0 2006 Jan. 13 T0 47-30 rTlL — —  657.01 839.02 117.48 ± 5.37  145 1990 Feb. 15 M 16.2 2006 Apr. 21 T0 50-43 rTlTL — Brother 1178.85 961.85 120.52 ± 8.59  170 1991 Jul. 8 F 14.9 2006 Jun. 26 T0 53-22 rTlL 2007 August Aunt 480.97 ± 29.49 317.2 33.76 ± 0.92 15.9 2007 Apr. 18 T10 44-21 rTlL 540.63 ± 10.65 410.66 70.69 ± 4.67 1150 1992 Apr. 18 F 12.1 2004 May 11 T0 84 rT 2004 May 11 Mother, grand-mother  884.02 874.59 97.74 1169 1989 Sep. 19 F 14.8 2004 Jun. 22 T0 54-52 rTlL 2004 Jun. 22 —  776.13 868.43 101.22 ± 9.41  1192 1990 Oct. 16 F 13.9 2004 Sep. 8 T0 59 rT 2004 Sep. 8 — 1140.09 596.41 66.97 1212 1991 May 6 F 13.5 2004 Nov. 22 T0 54 rT 2004 Nov. 22 Great-aunt  834.47 796.56 75.57 1254 1991 Jul. 23 F 13.7 2005 Mar. 16 T0 52-49 rTlL 2005 Mar. 16 — 1091.92 882.29 82.8  1267 1990 Sep. 8 F 14.6 2005 Apr. 25 T0 55 lT 2005 Apr. 25 —  509.48 596.41 76.87 1282 1988 Dec. 29 F 16.5 2005 Jun. 6 T0 49 rT 2005 Jun. 6 —  718.45 788.41  53.95 ± 16.65 1310 1990 May 5 F 15.6 2005 Nov. 9 T0 55-42 rTlL 2005 Nov. 9 — 1042.25 789.32 132.89 1353 1989 Aug. 8 F 16.6 2006 Mar. 27 T0 46 lT 2006 Mar. 27 — 1078.92 ± 33.32  262.59 90.88 ± 1.59 17.2 2006 Oct. 6 T7  2 NA 44.35 ± 0.50 342.48 157.74 ± 37.90 1354 1991 Nov. 18 F 14.3 2006 Mar. 27 T0 45 rT 2006 Mar. 27 —  1378.360 725.138  61.016 1355 1990 Feb. 26 M 16.1 2006 Mar. 28 T0 74-53 rTlL 2006 Mar. 28 — 1871.67 467.38 253.56 ± 6.84  1357 1990 Aug. 23 F 14.8 2005 Jun. 15 T0 47-50 rTlL 2006 Apr. 4 Brother 705.92 ± 16.09 415.22 174.61 ± 74.40 15.7 2006 Apr. 4 T10 57-50 rTlL 1788.1  374.7 78.86 ± 4.78 1360 1996 May 9 F 9.9 2006 Apr. 10 T0 53-46 rTlL 2006 Apr. 10 Father, aunt 1820.95 444.42  80.45 ± 29.61 1361 1989 Sep. 3 F 16.6 2006 Apr. 10 T0 65-95 rTlL 2006 Apr. 10 — 1512.16 599.64  67.13 ± 10.66 1369 1992 Feb. 19 F 14.2 2006 May 9 T0 88 rT 2006 May 9 — 1498.66 262.58 91.42 ± 8.52 14.8 2006 Nov. 24 T6 25 NA 541.43 ± 10.31 317.72 166.79 ± 35.56 1371 1991 Jan. 30 F 15.3 2006 May 15 T0 72-59 rTlL 2006 May 15 — 1723.91 224.15  89.53 ± 18.60 1372 1990 Sep. 6 F 15.7 2006 May 16 T0 63-45-33 rTLlLC 2006 May 16 Aunt 1016.66 597.2 65.24 ± 5.40 1374 1989 Oct. 5 F 16.6 2006 May 29 T0 45 lTL 2006 May 29 — 1698.01 544.71  70.32 ± 16.24 1378 1992 Dec. 14 M 13.5 2006 Jun. 5 T0 70 lTL 2006 Jun. 5 — 1531.64 394.74 249.97  1381 1990 Oct. 3 F 15.7 2006 Jun. 27 T0 66 lT 2006 Jun. 27 — 1032.61 626.25 89.25 1389 1995 Oct. 26 F 10.7 2006 Jul. 24 T0 46-66 rTlTL 2006 Jul. 24 — 899.76 ± 20.49 359.31 187.61 ± 62.69 11.0 2006 Oct. 2 T5 NA NA 770.91 ± 13.31 533.42 82.67 ± 1.55 1390 1990 Dec. 12 F 15.6 2006 Jul. 24 T0 53 lTL 2006 Jul. 24 — 1269.89 839.02 78.42 1392 1993 May 25 F 13.2 2006 Jul. 26 T0 48 rT 2006 Jul. 26 Grand-mother, aunts 1341.80 ± 15.38  87.13 105.48 ± 0.34  1393 1991 May 9 F 15.2 2006 Jul. 26 T0 56 lTL 2006 Jul. 26 —  969.63 821.21 81.59 1395 1988 Oct. 25 F 17.8 2006 Aug. 8 T0 84 lTL 2006 Aug. 8 Aunt 1205.3  450.13 41.8  1396 1995 May 27 F 11.2 2006 Aug. 14 T0 74-62 rTlL 2006 Aug. 14 — 1624.64 ± 5.10  166.83 172.75 ± 26.23 11.3 2006 Sep. 26 T1 NA NA 773.40 ± 16.42 342.29 218.18 ± 2.83  1397 1988 Dec. 23 M 17.7 2006 Aug. 29 T0 60-58 rTlL 2006 Aug. 29 Uncle 1581.40 ± 11.23  440.95 106.21 ± 10.20 17.9 2006 Oct. 11 T2 34-23 NA 1191.01 ± 14.64  546.18 158.77 ± 21.05 1406 1991 Oct. 29 F 14.9 2006 Sep. 20 T0 62-60 rTlL 2006 Sep. 20 — 628.36 ± 45.23 304.04 52.88 ± 0.66 1410 1993 Jan. 4 F 13.7 2006 Sep. 28 T0 56 rT 2006 Sep. 28 Mother, aunt 1287.16 ± 3.12  133.56 119.48 ± 24.22 13.8 2006 Nov. 21 T2 23 NA 903.57 ± 52.88 328.75 141.76 ± 12.56 1416 1991 Jul. 10 F 15.4 2006 Nov. 15 T0 56-30 rTlL 2006 Nov. 15 — 514.30 ± 15.49 233.55 121.42 ± 28.69 1420 1993 Jun. 30 F 13.4 2006 Nov. 29 T0 60-48 rTlL 2006 Nov. 29 Sister, aunt 661.35 ± 21.22 314.01 127.14 ± 1.06  1422 1994 Jun. 27 F 12.4 2006 Dec. 6 T0 60-50 rTlL 2006 Dec. 6 Sister 530.56 ± 6.57  190.55  61.30 ± 14.49 1430 1989 Sep. 28 F 17.3 2007 Jan. 3 T0 48 rT 2007 Jan. 3 — 533.56 ± 24.89 228.54 51.29 ± 7.00 1442 1994 Aug. 21 F 12.5 2007 Feb. 14 T0 60 rT 2007 Feb. 14 — 512.99 ± 44.58 163.01 162.44 ± 3.03  1446 1988 Jul. 10 F 18.6 2007 Feb. 28 T0 60 rT 2007 Feb. 28 — 537.87 ± 4.70  332.42  66.44 ± 20.48 1448 1992 Dec. 7 F 14.3 2007 Mar. 13 T0 49 lTL 2007 Mar. 13 — 588.73 ± 25.88 110.3 138.81 ± 10.07 1457 1993 May 30 F 13.9 2007 Apr. 10 T0 50-43 rTlL 2007 Apr. 10 — 1073.67 ± 69.04  401.79 83.21 ± 0.17 1458 1991 Sep. 27 F 15.4 2007 Apr. 11 T0 45 rT 2007 Apr. 11 — 401.08 ± 22.88 212.16 66.48 ± 0.55 1459 1990 Mar. 28 F 17.1 2007 Apr. 18 T0 72-36 rTlL 2007 Apr. 16 — 761.78 ± 11.69 104.61 42.08 ± 5.99 17.2 2007 May 18 T1 NA NA 744.34 ± 10.91 340.71 1461 1990 May 17 F 16.9 2007 Apr. 18 T0 48 rT 2007 Apr. 18 Sister 200.53 ± 3.68  371.51 112.29 ± 27.44 1464 1990 Jan. 2 F 17.3 2007 Apr. 25 T0 53 rT 2007 Apr. 25 — 778.26 ± 19.40 163.01 133.86 ± 4.16  1467 1990 Nov. 18 F 16.5 2007 May 8 T0 60 rT 2007 May 8 — 453.32 ± 17.32 236.23 48.59 ± 6.73 1468 1991 Nov. 12 M 15.5 2007 May 14 T0 69 rTL 2007 May 14 Cousin 574.80 ± 42.46 283.37 116.85 ± 14.54 1471 1989 Oct. 8 F 17.6 2007 May 29 T0 60 rTL 2007 May 29 — 907.06 ± 34.13 332.42  66.91 ± 28.51 1474 1969 Jun. 24 M 18.0 2007 Jun. 4 T0 54-52 rTlL 2007 Jun. 4 — 1254.39 ± 4.53  334.72  71.72 ± 16.08 1477 1992 Oct. 17 F 14.6 2007 Jun. 6 T0 62-65 rTlL 2007 Jun. 6 Mother, brother 829.32 ± 15.89 355.03 150.57 ± 28.87 1484 1991 Apr. 27 F 16.2 2007 Jun. 26 T0 60 rT 2007 Jun. 26 — 489.15 ± 20.09 216.67 88.54 ± 422  1488 1992 Feb. 17 M 15.4 2007 Jul. 16 T0 87 rT 2007 Jul. 16 Mother 1358.23 ± 56.62  304.83 120.78 ± 13.25 1489 1990 Sep. 26 M 16.8 2007 Jul. 17 T0 57 rT 2007 Jul. 17 — 1417.61 ± 0.00  146.93 135.42 ± 2.53  1495 1992 Mar. 19 F 15.5 2007 Sep. 17 T0 67-39 rT 2007 Sep. 17 — 437.55 ± 14.74 227.82 32.06 ± 0.29 1498 1992 Nov. 5 F 14.9 2007 Sep. 18 T0 51-42 rTL 2007 Sep. 18 — 557.43 ± 50.58 152.3  62.63 ± 12.90 1501 1989 Feb. 4 F 16.5 2005 Jul. 22 T0 58 rTL — —  939.53 711.38 144.30 ± 16.14 17.8 2006 Nov. 21 T16 60 rTL 580.11 ± 7.56  503.43 107.24 ± 7.29  1502 1994 Mar. 14 F 13.6 2007 Oct. 15 T0 55-43 rTlL 2007 Oct. 15 — 856.14 ± 4.95  388.19 152.27 ± 5.09  13.8 2007 Dec. 5 T2 NA NA 1089.57 ± 22.51  349.14  55.91 ± 10.45 1506 1992 Jul. 7 F 15.3 2007 Nov. 6 T0 65 rT 2007 Nov. 6 — 675.53 ± 13.63 241.98  85.64 ± 24.87 1517 Nov. 20, 1990 M 17.2 2008 Feb. 13 T0 50-62 rTlTL — — 666.49 ± 65.68 328.96  41.3 ± 8.74 1518 Dec. 8, 1991 F 16.2 2008 Feb. 13 T0 62-62 rTlL — — 672.59 ± 35.53 440.55 67.71 ± 6.81 1519 1993 Apr. 19 M 14.8 2008 Feb. 8 T0 51 rT — — 945.23 ± 53.53 360.02 66.48 ± 1.10 1520 1993 Jun. 26 F 14.6 2008 Feb. 8 T0 54-42 rTlTL — — 752.87 ± 23.12 288.35 87.08 ± 0.36 * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. ** All patients are diagnosed with AIS † Curve type nomenclature: r, right/l, left/T, Thoracic/L, Lumbar/TL, Thoracolumbar/C, Cervical. ‡ Certain clinical information may not have been available at the time of the study, NA.

TABLE 8 Clinical and biochemical profiles of asymptomatic at risk children. Date of Collection Time point [OPN] [sCD44] [HA] Family Id Birth Gender Age Date (months) Family History (ng/ml) (ng/ml) (ng/ml) 1 1997 Sep. 2 M 8.8 2006 Jul. 10 T0 Mother  439.72 ± 12.32 561.46 118.71 ± 8.74  1 1995 Sep. 6 F 10.8 2006 Jul. 10 T0 Mother 207.88 ± 0.93 315.67 180.71 ± 19.91 2 1998 Feb. 8 F 8.7 2006 Oct. 3 T0 Mother, uncle, 1650.21 ± 13.90 416.99 199.56 ± 55.60 9.2 2007 Apr. 19 T6 grand-father 1966.98 ± 1.96  459.89 207.57 ± 39.18 9.8 2007 Dec. 12 T14 1816.83 ± 24.08 387.1 209.86 ± 21.38 2 2001 Jun. 18 M 5.8 2007 Apr. 19 T0 Mother, uncle, 493.98 ± 7.26 463.68 43.99 ± 3.74 6.5 2007 Dec. 12 T8 grand-father  684.54 ± 10.06 438.94 102.21 ± 61.17 3 1994 Aug. 24 F 12.2 2006 Oct. 19 T0 Sister 690.58 ± 2.92 418.18 220.8  12.6 2007 May 2 T7  727.27 ± 17.36 467.79 196.82 ± 18.74 13.2 2007 Dec. 12 T14 1212.32 ± 0.48  311.06 279.74 ± 30.33 4 2003 Oct. 17 F 3.0 2006 Oct. 19 T0 Mother 1530.90 ± 28.42 478.58 225.02 ± 20.51 3.5 2007 Apr. 11 T6 1021.07 ± 7.22  464.63 122.36 ± 15.35 4.2 2007 Dec. 12 T14 1594.42 ± 23.36 470.05 332.11 5 2003 Jul. 17 M 3.2 2006 Oct. 19 T0 Mother  905.58 ± 30.14 563.44 58.88 ± 3.86 3.7 2007 Apr. 19 T6 1865.13 ± 7.35  434.93 128.14 ± 4.00  4.4 2007 Dec. 9 T14  960.14 ± 26.22 631.93 32.64 ± 5.81 6 1998 Jul. 26 F 8.2 2006 Oct. 19 T0 Mother 505.03 ± 8.92 564.17  81.86 ± 13.18 7 1995 Jun. 16 F 11.3 2006 Oct. 24 T0 Mother 548.59 ± 6.61 512.92  80.39 ± 31.53 11.8 2007 Apr. 11 T6 766.85 ± 5.73 396.69 103.31 ± 22.50 12.3 2007 Oct. 17 T12  596.91 ± 35.50 465.36 122.40 ± 8.97  8 1996 Apr. 10 F 10.5 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother 1109.78 ± 47.81 401.66 77.16 ± 9.72 11 2007 Apr. 11 T6  875.81 ± 14.01 366.36 176.96 ± 4.68  9 1995 May 9 F 11.4 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother 1657.97 440.3 112.58 ± 0.45  11.9 2007 Apr. 11 T6 782.29 ± 1.47 429.56 86.57 ± 1.46 12.8 2008 Feb. 13 T16  885.10 ± 35.98 255.6 63.42 ± 7.99 10 2002 Sep. 3 F 4.2 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother  901.66 ± 12.01 398.27 158.65 ± 60.85 4.7 2007 Apr. 11 T6 929.42 ± 3.07 356.88 167.19 ± 0.13  11 1992 Sep. 7 F 14.1 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother 528.00 ± 8.83 469.78 69.05 ± 4.37 14.8 2007 Jul. 11 T9  714.79 ± 14.44 383.1 37.97 ± 3.99 15.3 2008 Jan. 23 T15 443.30 ± 0.58 472.69  80.27 ± 11.45 12 1991 Dec. 15 F 14.8 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother 818.88 ± 0.94 518.03 134.08 ± 84.67 15.3 2007 Apr. 11 T6  648.15 487.38 140.02 ± 50.63 15.9 2007 Nov. 14 T13  398.28 ± 19.81 521.44 191.07 ± 8.20  12 1996 Feb. 23 M 10.7 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother 1203.88 ± 55.29 681.23  85.30 ± 36.75 11.2 2007 Apr. 11 T6 1930.95 ± 1.96  633.37 107.10 ± 15.99 11.8 2007 Nov. 14 T13 1341.78 ± 31.57 687.61 170.54 ± 25.46 13 1993 Oct. 9 F 13.0 2006 Oct. 26 T0 Mother,  730.44 ± 33.95 397.12 41.87 ± 4.55 13.6 2007 May 2 T7 grand-mother  420.91 ± 23.59 412.49 216.75 ± 27.71 14.1 2007 Nov. 14 T13 943.64 ± 1.96 698.95 124.28 ± 15.03 14 2001 Sep. 7 F 5.2 2006 Nov. 16 T0 Father  919.94 ± 11.91 510.08  45.28 ± 10.89 15 1997 Feb. 18 M 9.8 2006 Nov. 16 T0 Mother 1629.22 ± 12.49 611.25 129.80 ± 30.80 10.2 2007 Apr. 11 T5 1030.34 ± 6.55  690.56 146.19 ± 2.58  10.7 2007 Oct. 10 T11  929.36 ± 11.23 590.8 135.89 ± 18.75 16 2002 Feb. 21 F 4.8 2006 Nov. 16 T0 Mother 1834.30 ± 4.16  628.94 149.05 ± 19.17 5.2 2007 Apr. 11 T5 909.22 ± 6.67 661.18 125.31 5.9 2007 Dec. 12 T13  877.48 ± 23.75 466.59  70.10 ± 33.68 17 2000 Mar. 30 F 6.7 2006 Nov. 16 T0 Mother  482.76 ± 10.64 678.55  95.92 ± 18.21 18 2000 Aug. 1 F 6.2 2006 Nov. 16 T0 Mother  870.73 ± 21.30 644.62 146.12 ± 36.88 18 1997 May 5 M 9.5 2006 Nov. 16 T0 Mother 1123.32 ± 7.06  401.66 112.68 ± 11.34 20 1998 Sep. 27 F 8.2 2006 Nov. 22 T0 Father  506.21 ± 10.03 456.42  59.40 ± 30.21 8.8 2007 Jul. 11 T8  677.71 ± 13.95 416.28 37.11 ± 6.95 21 (015) 1998 Nov. 17 F 8.0 2006 Nov. 22 T0 Sister 482.63 ± 7.58 458.02 99.16 ± 5.46 8.5 2007 May 23 T6  511.46 488.33 151.08 9.0 2007 Nov. 14 T12 760.00 ± 3.99 589.62 190.77 ± 5.64  21 (016) 1991 Aug. 13 F 15.2 2006 Nov. 22 T0 Sister 617.06 ± 7.65 511.71 110.15 ± 12.37 15.7 2007 May 23 T6  619.60 ± 17.63 519.3 93.16 ± 0.39 16.2 2007 Nov. 14 T12 685.18 ± 0.80 529.63 218.26 ± 27.22 22 1992 May 15 M 14.5 2006 Nov. 22 T0 Mother, 1082.23 ± 65.01 445.66  81.35 ± 14.77 14.9 2007 Apr. 11 T5 grand-mother 1044.90 ± 3.21  432.72 152.54 ± 10.62 15.6 2008 Jan. 23 T14 1010.18 ± 60.70 384.16 106.42 ± 10.80 23 (334) 1994 Sep. 24 F 12.2 2006 Nov. 29 T0 Sister 1365.94 ± 1.71  346.45 150.14 ± 2.53  12.6 2007 Apr. 19 T5 1856.82 ± 12.74 501.92 167.91 ± 17.19 13.1 2007 Oct. 10 T11  947.97 ± 16.31 489.38 271.36 ± 20.40 24 1994 Nov. 24 M 12.0 2006 Nov. 29 T0 Mother, aunt  775.28 ± 20.77 427.49 84.54 ± 0.14 12.5 2007 May 2 T6  610.29 ± 10.86 436.82 130.53 ± 2.30  13.1 2007 Dec. 12 T13 718.55 ± 5.97 355.99 127.92 ± 3.93  24 1994 Nov. 24 F 12 2006 Nov. 29 T0 Mother, aunt  815.81 ± 22.25 473.76 160.63 ± 8.36  12.5 2007 May 2 T6  673.56 ± 16.29 445.36 127.40 ± 37.13 13.1 2007 Dec. 12 T13 1299.89 ± 28.77 662.73 276.97 25 1998 Jun. 5 F 8.4 2006 Nov. 29 T0 Mother, father 1245.41 ± 13.75 441.4 108.75 ± 18.90 8.8 2007 Apr. 19 T5 1766.40 ± 2.69  500.34 197.20 ± 31.62 9.3 2007 Oct. 10 T11  944.99 ± 25.37 476.76 115.66 ± 10.09 25 2001 Jun. 4 M 5.4 2006 Nov. 29 T0 Mother, father 1181.70 ± 50.65 303.75 157.81 ± 11.99 5.8 2007 Apr. 19 T5 1707.51 ± 30.62 319.63 113.24 ± 2.45  6.3 2007 Oct. 10 T11  867.79 ± 25.36 364.76 114.76 ± 33.42 26 1994 Mar. 18 F 12.7 2006 Nov. 29 T0 Mother 678.95 ± 9.57 432.08  86.09 27 1987 Dec. 13 F 19 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Father 287.27 ± 8.96 572.38 101.88 ± 13.89 28 2003 May 23 F 3.6 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother 612.92 ± 3.03 760.08 45.57 ± 3.40 29 1990 Oct. 17 M 16.2 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother  459.54 ± 29.16 488.33  99.03 ± 54.21 17.0 2007 Oct. 10 T10  505.24 ± 39.04 441.73 121.53 ± 15.54 29 (652) 1999 May 11 F 7.6 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother  576.64 ± 20.73 656.77 114.39 8.4 2007 Oct. 10 T10 972.66 ± 7.97 636.32 138.53 ± 16.69 29 (160) 1996 Dec. 2 F 10.0 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother  583.62 ± 19.18 600.16 136.79 ± 10.66 10.8 2007 Oct. 10 T10 874.79 ± 2.17 535.48 112.73 ± 7.74  30 1995 Mar. 9 M 11.8 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother 1608.98 ± 8.37  607.15 115.19 ± 6.27  12.3 2007 Jul. 4 T7 1107.95 ± 0.53  504.15  40.04 ± 11.63 12.8 2008 Jan. 23 T13 1578.17 ± 18.50 469.62 93.33 ± 3.68 30 1997 Jun. 8 F 9.5 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother 1211.80 ± 5.47  586.43 172.18 ± 4.00  10.1 2007 Jul. 4 T7  774.18 ± 21.15 534.59  40.03 ± 11.95 10.6 2008 Jan. 23 T13  697.49 ± 12.25 473.45 95.89 ± 6.16 31 1998 Mar. 18 F 8.8 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother, aunt, 467.80 ± 1.39 574.23 106.48 ± 29.19 grand-father 31 1999 Nov. 3 M 7.1 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother, aunt,  745.53 ± 40.56 552.66 98.22 ± 1.18 grand-father 32 2004 Jun. 20 F 2.5 2006 Dec. 19 T0 Mother, 1573.79 ± 0.72  576.5 142.70 ± 0.57  3.1 2007 Jul. 4 T7 grand-mother 1034.97 ± 25.55 494.82 52.38 ± 5.01 3.6 2008 Jan. 23 T13 1237.94 ± 48.60 374.2 152.27 ± 0.32  33 1996 May 17 M 10.7 2007 Jan. 10 T0 Mother 623.78 ± 2.66 649.44 166.16 ± 32.22 11.5 2007 Nov. 7 T10 671.14 ± 0.27 634.5 36.87 ± 2.05 33 1996 Jun. 25 F 11.2 2007 Jan. 10 T0 Mother  893.13 ± 34.21 436.86 92.74 ± 2.45 11.7 2007 Jul. 11 T6  716.31 ± 27.52 543.59 37.95 ± 5.33 34 1996 Aug. 14 F 10.3 2006 Dec. 21 T0 Mother 1135.80 ± 18.20 508.95 256.64 ± 37.18 10.8 2007 Jun. 13 T6 594.41 ± 0.37 490.61 96.56 ± 2.45 11.4 2008 Jan. 23 T13  978.10 ± 49.46 450.46 103.67 ± 10.95 34 1994 Jun. 21 M 12.5 2006 Dec. 21 T0 Mother 1010.70 ± 22.34 416.71 172.33 ± 50.68 13.0 2007 Jun. 13 T6 739.31 ± 3.43 499.04 93.55 ± 6.90 13.6 2008 Jan. 23 T13  777.22 ± 39.78 448.93  92.70 ± 21.91 35 (605) 1995 Mar. 31 M 11.8 2006 Dec. 21 T0 Mother 1126.22 ± 46.08 552.37 163.66 ± 0.79  35 (604) 1995 Mar. 31 M 11.8 2006 Dec. 21 T0 Mother  933.16 ± 14.20 437.43 118.57 ± 6.65  35 1993 May 12 F 13.6 2006 Dec. 21 T0 Mother 1679.45 436.58 128.45 ± 17.60 36 1998 Sep. 6 M 8.3 2007 Jan. 10 T0 Mother 1520.81 ± 20.48 485.39 225.68 ± 85.59 9.2 2007 Nov. 14 T10 1103.50 ± 27.07 899.87 114.96 ± 0.11  37 2001 Jul. 11 F 5.5 2007 Jan. 17 T0 Mother  419.51 ± 10.21 524.02 35.52 ± 0.52 6.0 2007 Jul. 4 T6  606.10 ± 14.32 490.91 209.23 38 1995 Jan. 19 M 12.0 2007 Jan. 17 T0 Mother 435.87 ± 7.38 600.34 164.49 ± 10.01 38 1992 Aug. 2 F 14.4 2007 Jan. 17 T0 Mother  328.67 ± 25.67 564.58 166.19 ± 2.53  39 1996 Jun. 8 M 10.6 2007 Jan. 24 T0 Mother  437.90 ± 23.91 529.14 215.53 ± 70.15 11.1 2007 Jul. 18 T6 617.26 ± 5.45 445.15 146.08 ± 8.82  39 1997 Aug. 8 F 9.4 2007 Jan. 24 T0 Mother  399.82 ± 14.71 452.38 71.339 ± 22.51 9.9 2007 Jul. 18 T6 648.28 ± 6.30 462.01 188.78 ± 12.79 40 1996 May 5 F 10.9 2007 Apr. 5 T0 Mother 986.26 ± 9.88 478.27 99.9 40 1999 Apr. 23 M 8.0 2007 Apr. 5 T0 Mother 851.99 ± 4.04 710.05  52.81 ± 12.17 41 1995 Mar. 29 F 12.2 2007 May 30 T0 Father  500.68 ± 20.08 416.56 71.27 ± 0.30 42 1996 Jul. 3 M 10.8 2007 May 2 T0 Father  391.38 ± 30.03 620.65  32.83 11.3 2007 Nov. 14 T6 393.23 ± 4.22 445.78 167.25 ± 27.97 42 1992 Apr. 14 F 15.1 2007 May 2 T0 Father 452.43 ± 1.68 519.81  38.46 ± 16.02 15.6 2007 Nov. 14 T6 658.95 ± 1.62 938.89 232.91 ± 2.00  43 2001 Nov. 20 F 5.5 2007 May 23 T0 Mother  892.70 ± 21.23 484.89  97.65 ± 30.81 44 1995 Sep. 11 M 11.6 2007 Jun. 13 T0 Mother 1058.59 ± 6.11  547.8  41.15 ± 11.08 12.2 2007 Dec. 12 T6 1160.10 ± 16.16 456.22 145.61 ± 51.30 45 1994 May 10 F 13.2 2007 Aug. 29 T0 Mother 714.66 ± 6.88 482.12 120.00 ± 13.64 13.8 2008 Feb. 13 T6  801.53 ± 42.46 358.64 134.84 ± 16.18 46 1999 Nov. 4 M 7.8 2007 Sep. 12 T0 Mother  603.75 ± 10.96 569.62 111.95 ± 5.86  46 (980) 1996 Apr. 15 F 11.4 2007 Sep. 13 T0 Mother  504.38 ± 35.85 540.29 118.25 ± 9.11  46 (982) 2004 Jan. 24 F 3.7 2007 Sep. 12 T0 Mother  718.72 ± 78.98 510.97 153.13 ± 4.50  47 1996 Dec. 7 F 10.8 2007 Oct. 17 T0 Mother 1010.10 ± 17.02 494.12 147.00 ± 87.36 47 1999 Apr. 3 M 8.5 2007 Oct. 17 T0 Mother  844.83 ± 30.84 456.7 156.33 ± 50.36 C6  1997 Feb. 6 F 10.3 2007 May 22 T0 Mother 669.60 ± 4.19 755.65 133.68 ± 4.10  11.0 2008 Jan. 16 T8  733.30 ± 11.16 620.67 250.52 ± 38.11 C15 1997 May 27 M 10.0 2007 Jun. 6 T0 Brother 441.81 ± 0.64 640.33 106.53 ± 1.88  10.5 2007 Dec. 4 T6 444.69 ± 3.82 958.24 151.86 ± 17.41 * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. † All subjects are examined before sample collection by an orthopedic surgeon to monitor possible scoliosis development.

Example 11 OPN, sCD44 and HA Levels in Non AIS Scoliotic Patients

OPN levels were measured in non AIS scoliotic patients (NAIS patients). Results are summarized in Table 9 below. A comparison of OPN, sCD44 and HA levels in healthy, AIS and NAIS patients is also provided in FIG. 12.

TABLE 9 Biomarkers Comparison of non-AIS scoliotic Patients. Characteristics Mean Mean Mean OPN Mean sCD44 Mean HA Age Cobb Concentration Concentration Concentration Type of Scoliosis Number (Years) Angle (ng/ml) (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Neurological Scoloisis 8 12.3 ± 3.7 79.4 ± 15.1 982 ± 452 274 ± 196 127 ± 101 Congenital Scoliosis 8 10.0 ± 4.4 51.8 ± 18.1 1016 ± 400  432 ± 79  123 ± 80  Spondylolisthesis 5 17.5 ± 2.1 21.0 ± 17.0 832 ± 125 386 ± 193 76 ± 54 Kyphosis Scoliosis 5 14.4 ± 2.8 80.2 ± 28.5 923 ± 393 352 ± 62  91 ± 56 Other* 2 15.1 74.5 ± 17.7 586 ± 52  240 NA † Plus-minus values are means ±standard deviations *Other scoliosis types include one neuromuscular scoliosis and one dysplasic scoliosis.

Table 10 below presents in detail biomarkers levels for non AIS scoliotic patients.

TABLE 10 Clinical and biochemical profiles of non AIS scoliotic patients. Date of Collection Cobb's Curve Patient ID Birth Gender Age Date Diagnosis Angle Pre-op Type 1208 1990 Jan. 19 M 17.8 2007 Oct. 3 Congenital cyphose 72 lT scoliosis 1256 1992 Mar. 27 M 13.0 2005 May 9 Congenital scoliosis 44-65 rTlL 1278 1998 Jul. 22 F 6.8 2005 May 30 Congenital neurological 60 lT scoliosis 1281 1985 May 21 M 20.1 2005 Aug. 1 Spondylolisthesis 16 — 1286 1990 May 8 M 15.1 2005 Jun. 15 Dyspiasic scoliosis 62-66 rTlL 1356 1993 Feb. 22 F 13.2 2006 Apr. 3 Congenital scoliosis 75 rT 1358 2003 Nov. 9 M 2.4 2006 Apr. 4 Congenital scoliosis 33-35 rTlL 1367 1993 Dec. 12 F 12.4 2006 Feb. 1 Neurological scoliosis 90 lTL 1368 1990 Jun. 21 F 15.9 2006 May 2 Neurological cyphosis 50 lTL 1370 1995 Sep. 15 M 10.7 2006 May 9 Neurological scoliosis 65 rT 1375 1992 Sep. 13 F 13.7 2006 May 30 Congenital scoliosis 53 rTL 1407 1990 Dec. 22 M 16.8 2007 Oct. 31 Spondylolisthesis  9 lL 1431 1987 Nov. 23 M 19.2 2007 Jan. 8 Neurological scoliosis 90-90 rTlT 1432 1992 Aug. 8 M 14.4 2007 Jan. 9 Neurological scoliosis 64 rT 1434 1994 Aug. 7 F 12.4 2007 Jan. 10 Congenital scoliosis 79-77 rTlL 1436 1993 Feb. 16 F 13.9 2007 Jan. 22 Cyphose scoliosis 120  — 1437 1992 Nov. 6 M 14.2 2007 Feb. 5 Neurolopical scoliosis 100  NA 1455 1996 Dec. 14 F 10.3 2007 Apr. 3 Congenital cyphose 61 lTL scoliosis 1456 1990 Oct. 3 F 16.5 2007 Apr. 17 Neuromuscular scoliosis 87 rTL 1462 1997 Oct. 22 F 9.5 2007 Apr. 23 Neurological scoliosis 76 lTL 1463 1989 Mar. 19 F 18.1 2007 Apr. 24 Scoliosis + 33 rT Spondylolisthesis 1466 1997 Aug. 24 F 9.8 2007 May 8 Congenital scoliosis 39 rL 1475 1993 May 25 M 14.1 2007 Jun. 5 Cyphose scoliosis 98 — 1479 1996 Jan. 24 F 11.4 2007 Jun. 5 Neurological scoliosis 90 rTlL 1480 2003 Jun. 13 F 4.0 2007 Jun. 18 Congenital scoliosis 56 lT 1482 1989 Mar. 30 F 18.2 2007 Jun. 19 spondylolisthesis gr 1 — NA 1486 1993 Jan. 15 M 14.4 2007 Jun. 27 Spondylolisthesis gr 2 — NA 357 1996 Jul. 8 F 11.4 2007 Dec. 18 Congenital scoliosis 30-31 rTlT Date of Age at Family [OPN] [sCD44] [HA] Patient ID Surgery Surgery History (ng/ml) (ng/ml) (ng/ml) 1208 2004 Nov. 8 14.8 — 1101.06 ± 31.26 444.81  82.89 ± 15.11 1256 2005 Mar. 29 13.0 — 1490.59 NA 127.74 ± 9.29  1278 2005 May 30 6.8 — 1401.88 NA 75.65 ± 5.16 1281 2005 Jun. 1 20.1 —  985.85 NA 150.30 ± 7.93  1286 2005 Jun. 15 15.1 — 549.60 ± 5.06 NA NA 1356 2006 Apr. 3 13.2 — 1181.85 NA 111.51 ± 2.30  1358 2006 Apr. 4 2.4 — 1530.6  NA 284.60 ± 69.00 1367 2006 May 1 12.4 — 1525.13 NA 350.01 ± 36.55 1368 2006 May 2 15.9 — 1079.23 NA 126.44 ± 3.63  1370 2006 May 9 10.7 — 1318.58 NA 104.06 ± 5.18  1375 2006 May 30 13.7 Cousin  380.08 ± 12.95 NA NA 1407 2006 Sep. 25 15.8 — 818.17 ± 1.52 441.73 116.09 ± 3.88  1431 2007 Jan. 8 19.2 —  450.78 ± 101.56 275.62 130.30 ± 23.92 1432 2007 Jan. 9 14.4 — 558.47 ± 4.70 145.15  98.99 ± 13.92 1434 2007 Jan. 10 12.4 — 631.59 ± 7.42 325.95 44.79 ± 5.73 1436 2007 Jan. 22 13.9 — 220.32 ± 2.94 322.03 44.34 ± 8.37 1437 2007 Feb. 5 14.2 — 388.01 ± 8.22 225.71 76.96 ± 4.53 1455 2007 Apr. 3 10.3 — 1090.51 ± 5.57  323.24 34.79 ± 0.32 1456 2007 Apr. 17 16.5 — 622.46 ± 7.15 240.22 NA 1462 2007 Apr. 23 9.5 — 1118.25 ± 1.32  607.1 55.90 ± 1.82 1463 2007 Apr. 24 18.1 — 751.54 ± 8.69 284.71 21.56 ± 4.58 1466 2007 May 8 9.8 — 1110.01 ± 2.38  510.18 47.07 ± 1.48 1475 2007 Jun. 4 14.1 — 1123.49 ± 5.56  319.93 166.63 ± 34.63 1479 2007 Jun. 5 11.4 —  1098.54 ± 131.44 119.17 NA 1480 2007 Jun. 18 4.0 — 809.8 468.03 120.72 ± 40.73 1482 2007 Jun. 19 18.2 —  678.49 ± 18.32 187.48 46.07 ± 5.27 1486 2007 Jun. 27 14.4 —  924.40 ± 17.16 628.78 47.06 ± 6.84 357 — — — 996.58 ± 8.51 423.72 127.33 ± 3.13  * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. † Curve type nomenclature: r, right/l, left/T, Thoracic/L, Lumbar/TL, Thoracolumbar/C, Cervical

Example 12 OPN and sCD44 Levels in AIS Patients Pre and Post Operations

OPN levels were measured in AIS patients pre (n=79) and post (N=28) operations. Interestingly, comparison of AIS patients in pre-operation vs. post operation showed a reduction in circulating OPN levels, which further support the role of OPN at the cellular level as mechanosensor (FIG. 13).

OPN were measured in AIS female patients pre (n=10) and post (N=10) treatment with braces. Similarly, sCD44 levels were measured in AIS female patients pre (n=15) and post (N=12) operations. Results are presented in FIG. 14.

A distribution of 12 AIS patients was also performed across the predefined cut-off zones pre-operation and post-operation. FIG. 15 shows 92% of the surgically treated patients had pre-operation OPN levels in the red-zone (>800 ng/mL of plasma OPN level), while the remaining 8% were in the yellow zone (700-800 ng/mL). No patients were in the green zone representing plasma OPN levels <700 ng/mL. This also shows a strong correlation between high OPN concentrations and the progression of scoliotic curves.

Panel B of FIG. 15 show that red zone patients who were treated surgically experienced a decline in OPN concentrations in the blood. 75% of the surgically treated patients fell into the green and yellow zones (800 ng/mL or less).

Example 13 OPN Levels in AIS Patients with Various Types of Braces

OPN levels were also measured in AIS patients prior to being treated with brace (n=79) and after brace (N=28). Table 11 below also shows the effect of braces on biomarkers.

TABLE 11 Possible effects of brace treatment on biomarker concentrations. Characteristics Mean Mean Mean Mean OPN Mean sCD44 Mean HA Age Brace Wear Cobb's Concentration Concentration Concentration Treatment No. (Years) (Months) Angle (ng/ml) (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Without Brace Female 193 14.2 ± 2.1 — 30.9 ± 19.3 809 ± 376 474 ± 179 108 ± 58 Male 36 14.8 ± 2.2 — 32.2 ± 21.1 1034 ± 376  492 ± 155 126 ± 62 With Brace (All Female) All Braces Combined 21 14.0 ± 1.8 12.0 21.2 ± 8.3 664 ± 282 483 ± 112 118 ± 60 Boston 5 13.0 ± 1.4 10.6 25.8 ± 4.4 735 ± 358 568 ± 184 150 ± 57 SpineCor 14 14.5 ± 1.6 12.7 20.6 ± 8.7 626 ± 279 451 ± 81  108 ± 62 Charleston 1 15.4 10.0 7.0 781 532 70 Providence Night Brace 1 9.7 1.0 20.0 732 547 138 P-value ‡ 0.018 0.879 0.608 * Plus-minus values are means ± standard deviations. ‡ Statistical analysis to compare patients with or without brace was done by bilateral unpaired Student's T-test with equal variance. A difference was considered statistically significant with a p-value < 0.05.

A distribution of AIS patients across the predefined cut-off zones was also performed prior to being treated with bracing and after bracing. Eight patients were tested a certain number of months after bracing, namely for each of patients #1 to 8: 7, 7, 8, 22, 22, 22 and 26 months after bracing, respectively. FIG. 16 shows that prior to being treated with bracing (Panel A), 63% of these patients were in the red and yellow zones. A significant shift towards the green zone (<700 ng/mL) was observed, which is consistent with the trend observed in surgically treated patients, as presented in FIGS. 13-15.

Example 14 Comparison of Selenium Levels in AIS Patients Vs. Healthy Subjects

Selenium concentration was reported to be significantly decreased in plasma of AIS patients (42). Selenium and more specifically Se-methylselenocystein, an organoselenium naturally occurring in diet, are used to prevent metastasis in breast cancer as chemopreventive therapy by targeting OPN transcription (43-45).

Plasma selenium concentration was thus measured in pediatric populations (AIS vs. healthy controls) to determine whether or not low selenium levels correlate with higher OPN concentrations in AIS. Plasma selenium concentrations were determined by a fluorometric method using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) (46, 47). Results presented in FIGS. 18 and 19 show a correlation between high OPN levels and low selenium levels in scoliotic and asymptomatic at risk children.

Although the present invention has been described hereinabove by way of specific embodiments thereof, it can be modified, without departing from the spirit and nature of the subject invention as defined in the appended claims.

REFERENCES

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1. A method for the prevention or treatment of scoliosis in a human subject, comprising: (a) (i) measuring osteopontin (OPN) protein expression in a biological fluid sample from the subject over time; or (ii) measuring osteopontin (OPN) protein expression in a biological fluid sample from the subject and comparing the OPN protein expression to an OPN protein expression in a control biological fluid sample; (b) identifying the subject as being at risk of developing scoliosis when OPN protein expression increases in the subject sample over time; or when OPN protein expression is higher in the subject sample than that in the control sample; and (c) reducing OPN protein levels in the subject identified as being at risk of developing a scoliosis, thereby aiding in the prevention or treatment of scoliosis.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological fluid sample is blood, plasma or serum.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the measuring OPN protein expression in (a)(i) is performed at a frequency of at least about once per month.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the measuring OPN protein expression in (a)(i) is performed at a frequency of at least about once per six months.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the measuring of the OPN protein expression is performed with an antibody that specifically binds to OPN.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the measuring OPN protein expression is performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA).
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a likely candidate for developing a scoliosis.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the subject is a pediatric subject.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is an asymptomatic subject having at least one family member diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is prediagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
 11. A method for aiding in the prevention or treatment of scoliosis comprising: (a) (i) measuring osteopontin (OPN) protein expression in a biological fluid sample from a human subject over time; or (ii) measuring osteopontin (OPN) protein expression in a biological fluid sample from a subject and comparing the OPN protein expression to an OPN protein expression in a control biological fluid sample; (b) identifying the subject as being at risk of developing scoliosis when OPN protein expression increases in the subject sample over time; or when OPN protein expression is higher in the subject sample than that in the control sample; and (c) adapting treatment or preventive measure for the subject identified as being at risk of developing a scoliosis in (b), by performing one or more of the following: (i) increasing the frequency of doctor's examination; (ii) increasing the frequency of the OPN protein expression measurement; (iii) complying with a selenium-rich diet; (iv) bracing followed by measuring the OPN protein expression, wherein the use of a brace is continued if a decrease in the OPN protein expression is detected compared to the OPN protein expression prior to treatment; (v) surgery with or without fusion of vertebrae prior to reaching a 45 angle; and (vi) increasing the frequency of X-rays of the subject's spine.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the biological fluid sample is blood, plasma or serum.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the measuring OPN protein expression in (a)(i) is performed at a frequency of at least about once per month.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the measuring OPN protein expression in (a)(i) is performed at a frequency of at least about once per six month.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the measuring of the OPN protein expression is performed with an antibody that specifically binds to OPN.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the measuring OPN protein expression is performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA).
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject is a likely candidate for developing a scoliosis.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject is a pediatric subject.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the subject is an asymptomatic subject having at least one family member diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the treatment in (c) is a bracing and OPN protein expression is measured about one month after the beginning of the bracing treatment.
 22. The method of claim 11, wherein the treatment in (c) is a bracing and OPN protein expression is measured about two months after the beginning of the bracing treatment.
 23. The method of claim 11, wherein the treatment in (c) is a bracing and OPN protein expression is measured about three months after the beginning of the bracing treatment.
 24. A composition for aiding in the prevention or treatment of scoliosis, comprising: (i) a biological fluid sample from a human pediatric subject diagnosed with a scoliosis, wherein said biological fluid sample is blood, plasma or serum; and (ii) a detectably-labeled antibody specific for the detection of OPN.
 25. The composition of claim 24, further comprising at least one reagent for the detection of said detectably-labeled antibody.
 26. A composition for aiding in the prevention or treatment of scoliosis, comprising: (i) A biological fluid sample from a human subject, wherein said biological fluid sample is blood, plasma or serum; (ii) A detectably-labeled antibody specific for the detection of OPN; and (iii) A detectably-labeled antibody specific for the detection of sCD44.
 27. The composition of claim 26, further comprising at least one reagent for the detection of said detectably-labeled antibodies in (i) and (ii).
 28. The composition of claim 26, wherein the subject is a likely candidate for developing scoliosis.
 29. The composition of claim 26, wherein the subject is a pediatric subject.
 30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the subject is an asymptomatic subject having at least one family member diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the subject has been diagnosed with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. 